Types & Properties of Solids: Crystalline, Amorphous, Ionic, Covalent, & Metallic Solids, Exams of Chemistry

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TYPES OF SOLIDS

By

A.Prasannambigai

Department of Chemistry

SCSVMV

OBJECTIVES

 Describe the general properties of a solid.  Describe the six different types of solids.  The goal is for the students to explore solid materials and to understand this state of matter. A variety of different objects will be used to demonstrate the properties of solids.

 The constituents particles in solids have fixed positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions. This explain the rigidity in solids. It is due to strong intermolecular forces.  A solids may be defined as a form of matter in which the ions, atoms or molecules are held strongly that they cannot easily move away from each other. Hence solids is rigid form of matter which has a definite shape and a definite volume.

General Characteristics of Solids i. Solids have definite mass, volume, shape and density. Usually, the density of solid state is greater than the density of liquid and gaseous state. Water and mercury are exceptions. The density of ice (solid state of water) is lower than the density of liquid state of water. The density of mercury (which exists in liquid state) is very high ( 13. 6 g mL

• 1 ). ii. Solids are usually hard, incompressible and rigid. Some solids like sodium, potassium and phosphorous are exceptions; they are soft. Solids cannot be compressed because the intermolecular distance of separation between neighbouring molecules is very small.

v. The intermolecular forces of attraction hold the constituent particles of the solids tightly. Hence the particles cannot change their positions and remain stationary at one position. Therefore, solids cannot flow like liquids.

Types of Solid Based on the arrangement of constituent particles, solids are classified into two-state types:  Crystalline Solids  Amorphous Solids

Characteristics of Crystalline Solids The main characteristics of crystalline solids are mentioned as below:  Crystalline solids show regular structure and have definite geometrical shape.  The sharp freezing point is found in crystalline solids. This is because the distance between same atoms/molecules or ions is same and remains constant, unlikely from amorphous solids.

Uses of Crystalline Solids There are many applications of crystalline solids, some are:  Diamond is the most decent example of crystalline solids and is widely used in making beautiful jewelry items.  Quartz is extensively used in manufacturing of watches and clocks.  Many crystalline solids are used as a raw material in many industries

Amorphous Solids The solids in which the constituent particles of matter are arranged in a random manner are called amorphous solids. It is a non-crystalline solid with no proper arrangement of atoms in the solid lattice. In other words, we can define amorphous solids as materials which don’t have certain organized arrangement of atoms and molecules. Most solids are amorphous in nature and are utilized in many sectors as well. One of the most common examples of amorphous solids is glass, which is used widely in the manufacturing sector.

Characteristics of Amorphous Solids An Amorphous Solid depicts following properties, which are as follows:  The constituent particles of matter inside solid are arranged in a random manner, that is, the position of atoms and molecules is not fixed and varies from one solid to another.  Amorphous Solids don’t have definite shape or geometry due to random arrangement of atoms and molecules inside the solid lattice.  Short-range order is found in amorphous solids

 When we cut an amorphous solid, we find the broken constituent particles to be irregular in shape and geometry.  Amorphous solids are unsymmetrical in nature, due to irregular packing of atoms and molecules inside the solid lattice.  Amorphous solids don’t have fixed heat of fusion because of absence of sharp melting point. Examples: Plastics, Glass, Rubber, Metallic Glass, Polymers, Gel etc.

Uses of Amorphous Solids There are many applications of amorphous solids, some of them are:  The glass is widely used in packaging (food jars, cosmetics box, and soft-drink bottles), making tableware (utensils), in the construction of buildings ( windows, lighting, and shelves) etc.  Rubber is mainly used in manufacturing of tires, footwear, ropes, camp cloth and as a raw material for several industries.  Use of polymer can be seen in manufacturing of pipes, medicines and as a raw ingredient for many factories.  Amorphous silicon is considered as the best photovoltaic material to convert sunlight into electricity