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Unit 1: Descriptive Statistics, Exams of Advanced Education

University of Buckingham (UB)Advanced Education

Unit 1: Descriptive Statistics

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 02/04/2026

whitegiraffe69485
whitegiraffe69485 🇬🇧

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Unit 1: Descriptive Statistics
Bias
a factor in statistics that causes a difference between results and facts
Confidence Interval
probability that a population parameter will fall within a given range of values
Confounding Variable
variable that affects other variables in a way that produces distorted results
Empirical Rule
statistical fact stating that about 99.7% of data falls within 3 standard deviations of
the mean, 95% within 2 standard deviations of the mean, and 68% within one
standard deviation of the mean
Experiment
procedure used to test a hypothesis but applying a treatment to one group and
comparing results to a control group
Margin of Error
statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in the results of a survey
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Unit 1: Descriptive Statistics

Bias a factor in statistics that causes a difference between results and facts Confidence Interval probability that a population parameter will fall within a given range of values Confounding Variable variable that affects other variables in a way that produces distorted results Empirical Rule statistical fact stating that about 99.7% of data falls within 3 standard deviations of the mean, 95% within 2 standard deviations of the mean, and 68% within one standard deviation of the mean Experiment procedure used to test a hypothesis but applying a treatment to one group and comparing results to a control group Margin of Error statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in the results of a survey

Normal Distribution a probability distribution that appears as a "bell curve" when graphed. The normal distribution describes a symmetrical plot of data around its mean value, where the width of the curve is defined by the standard deviation. Observational Study type of study in which individuals are observed and data is recorded Population Distribution model that describes how a random variable varies Random Sample sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen Sample Data Distribution probability distribution obtained through repeated sampling of a given population Sample Statistics piece of information obtained from a sample Sample Survey survey that is administered to a selected set of individuals to represent the target population

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population Law of Large Numbers the larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population Percentile A point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people in the population being studied rank higher and half rank lower. Population the entire group or objects being studied primary data information that is collected for the first time; used for solving the particular problem under investigation privacy the right of people not to reveal information about themselves Probability likelihood that a particular event will occur

Randomization the best defense against bias, in which each individual is given a fair, random chance of selection Reliability consistency of measurement Sample a subset of the population sampling distribution the distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population sampling variability the natural tendency of randomly drawn samples to differ, one from another secondary data data previously collected for any purpose other than the one at hand simulation an imitation of a possible situation