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UROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, Cheat Sheet of Medical Microbiology

Florida Technical CollegeMedical Microbiology

UROLOGICAL REVIEW AND SUCH. COMPILATION.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2025/2026

Uploaded on 03/27/2026

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UROLOGICAL CONDITIONS & PROCEDURES
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):
• BPH is a primary cause of hydronephrosis due to urinary obstruction
• Results in obstruction in the ureter causing backflow into kidneys
• Common causative factor in obstructive urinary conditions
✍Signs/Symptons:
• Frequency
• Urgency
• Nocturia
✍️ Medication Treatment:
o Flomax-tamsulosin (shrinks the prostate)
o Proscar-finasteride (relaxes smooth muscle)
Hydronephrosis
• Definition: Obstruction in the ureter causing backflow of urine into the kidneys with urine
accumulation
• Result: Kidney swelling from retained urine
• Common causes: BPH, bladder obstruction, ureter obstruction
• BPH is a common causative factor
Nephrostomy Procedure
• Indication: When abnormal narrowing of the urinary tract causes hydronephrosis and cannot be
corrected with urological procedures
• Pre-operative requirements:
o NPO 4–6 hours before procedure
o Clotting studies must be at normal levels: INR, PT, PTT
• Post-operative monitoring: Monitor for complications
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP):
✍️ (handwritten) Treats BPH
• Post-operative complications:
o Clients often experience bladder spasm or false sense of urgency due to catheter presence
and surgical site irritation
o ✍️ (handwritten) pt has urine catheter after
• Priority assessments: Urine output and bleeding
✍️ (handwritten) (Pain, distention, NO urine output)
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UROLOGICAL CONDITIONS & PROCEDURES

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):

  • BPH is a primary cause of hydronephrosis due to urinary obstruction
  • Results in obstruction in the ureter causing backflow into kidneys
  • Common causative factor in obstructive urinary conditions ✍Signs/Symptons:
  • F requency
  • U rgency
  • N octuria ✍️ Medication Treatment: o Flomax-tamsulosin (shrinks the prostate) o Proscar-finasteride (relaxes smooth muscle)

Hydronephrosis

  • Definition: Obstruction in the ureter causing backflow of urine into the kidneys with urine accumulation
  • Result: Kidney swelling from retained urine
  • Common causes: BPH, bladder obstruction, ureter obstruction
  • BPH is a common causative factor

Nephrostomy Procedure

  • Indication: When abnormal narrowing of the urinary tract causes hydronephrosis and cannot be corrected with urological procedures
  • Pre-operative requirements: o NPO 4–6 hours before procedure o Clotting studies must be at normal levels: INR, PT, PTT
  • Post-operative monitoring: Monitor for complications

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP): ✍️ (handwritten) Treats BPH

  • Post-operative complications: o Clients often experience bladder spasm or false sense of urgency due to catheter presence and surgical site irritation o ✍️ (handwritten) pt has urine catheter after
  • Priority assessments: Urine output and bleeding ✍️ (handwritten) (Pain, distention, NO urine output)

Post-operative monitoring:

  • Check vital signs ✍️ (handwritten) Baseline
  • Monitor urine output (minimum 30 mL/hour; oliguria is a problem)
  • Pink-tinged urine is normal and expected
  • Cola-colored hematuria is NOT normal — call doctor immediately
  • Suprapubic pain is a concern requiring intervention ✍️ (handwritten)
  • Continuous bladder irrigation

Cystoscopy: ✍️ (handwritten) Diagnose / evaluates BPH

  • Post-operative teaching: Teach pain management
  • Expected findings: Pink-tinged urine is normal and expected
  • Abnormal findings: Cola or tea-colored hematuria is NOT normal
  • Critical patient education: Must drink lots of fluids to prevent blood clots

Urolithiasis (Kidney Stones)

  • Classic symptoms: o Sharp flank pain o Lower back pain o Pain radiating to groin or inner thigh
  • Location indicators: o Pain radiating to lower back, flank pain, inner thigh, and groin indicates stone in ureter
  • Common stone location: Ureter
  • Bladder stone pain location: Suprapubic area
  • Nursing education: Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration

Renal Biopsy

  • Pre-operative teaching:

o Patient CAN eat after procedure (do NOT put them NPO) o Seafood allergy does NOT contraindicate procedure o NPO prior to procedure ONLY (4–6 hours) o Note: Patient may receive Benadryl if seafood allergy (due to contrast agents)

Post-operative care:

  • Perform urinalysis for 24 hours post-procedure
  • Patient must lay flat in supine position with bedrest 2–24 hours
  • Head of bed will NOT exceed 30°
  • Monitoring requirements: Bleeding, infection, hematuria, Fever, HTN

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) & Kidney Rejection

  • Assessment: Check creatinine (will be elevated) and potassium (for hyperkalemia)
  • Critical monitoring: Watch for signs of rejection

Nephrotic Syndrome (set of symptoms in response to glomerular damage = ↓ GFR)

  • Nature: Immunologic kidney disorder
  • Pathophysiology: Causes massive loss of excreted protein in the urine (proteinuria)
  • S/S: hyperlipidemia, edema, HTN, frothy urine, wt. gain, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia
  • Dietary management: Low sodium diet
  • Complications: Peritonitis, Renal failure, Shock

Acute Pyelonephritis

  • Origin: Starts as simple lower UTI and travels up to kidneys
  • Clinical presentation: Flank pain
  • Treatment: Antibiotics and pain medications
  • Patient education (7 key points): o Proper hygiene o Increase fluid intake o Empty bladder before and after sexual intercourse o Avoid tight underwear o Wear cotton underwear o Take showers instead of baths (showers are free of bacterial colonization) o DO NOT USE FEMININE WASH

Diabetic Nephropathy (Kidney Damage)

  • Protein restriction: Consume 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight (0.8 g/kg)
  • Key requirement: Must limit overall protein intake

Diabetic Neuropathy = Nerve damage from chronic hyperglycemia → numbness, tingling, burning pain (usually feet); ↓ sensation → ↑ risk for injury/ulcers.

Diabetic Retinopathy = Damage to retinal blood vessels → blurred vision, floaters, possible vision loss/blindness.

URINARY INCONTINENCE & BLADDER MANAGEMENT

Incontinence: nervous system stimulation dysfunction that aka Neurogenic Bladder

Incontinence Post-Stroke (Hemiplegia with Right-Sided Weakness) Patient education:

  • Teach pelvic floor exercises
  • Implement bathroom training

Bathroom schedule management:

  • Promotes continence and prevents bladder overflow/distension Critical teaching point:
  • GIVE FLUIDS — DO NOT restrict fluids or place patient on toilet every 30 minutes

Key interventions:

  • Kegel exercises
  • Bathroom training schedule: every 2 hours
  • Take Foley catheter, allow to fill, & release.
  • Adequate fluid intake

ENDOCRINE CONDITIONS

Pituitary Disorders

SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) (SOAKED INSIDE)

  • Pathophysiology: Causes dilutional hyponatremia
  • Signs/Symptoms: Low sodium, water retention, intoxication, Oliguria, weight gain, hyponatremia, Altered Consciousness (confusion)
  • Lab finding: Dilutional hyponatremia
  • SIA = salt is absent Treatment protocol:
  • LIMIT FLUIDS (1 liter per day)
  • NPO (nothing by mouth) if severe
  • 3% hypertonic saline
  • Normal or increased salt diet
  • Medication: Tolvaptan (NOT ON EXAM) Patient monitoring: Assess oral mucosa for signs of dehydration

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) ✍️ (handwritten)

  • Push Fluids
  • 3 P’s
  • Important distinction: Has nothing to do with sugar or BUN elevation
  • Signs/Symptoms: Excessive urination and thirst, signs of dehydration ✍️ (handwritten) POLYURIA, POLYDIPSIA, DEHYDRATION
  • Lab finding: Abnormal sodium levels ✍️ (handwritten) HYPERNATREMIA, weight loss
  • Medication: Vasopressin or desmopressin
  • Monitoring for medication effectiveness: Expecting low/decreased urinary output
  • Normal urine specific gravity range: 1.005 – 1.
  • Medication working indicator: Urine specific gravity is normal or low/decreased

Hyperparathyroidism

  • Symptoms: Hypercalcemia, bone pain, kidney stones

Pancreas

Diabetes Mellitus – General Management Dietary guidelines:

  • No sugar/honey/sweets
  • Low carbohydrate diet Best test for diabetes control:
  • HbA1c (represents average glucose for 120 days ) HbA1c targets:
  • 4 – 6 is good for diabetics
  • ≤ 6.5 is good (indicates good glucose control and diet adherence) Foot care:
  • Daily inspection Sweet recommendations:
  • Use non-nutritive sugar substitutes

Hypoglycemia Signs/Symptoms:

  • Tachycardia
  • Cool clammy skin
  • Diaphoresis
  • Tremors/shakiness/agitation/hunger/fatigue/restless Mnemonic: “Agitachy cool clammy tremoresis”

Treatment:

  • Sugar (candy, orange juice) — oral route if able to swallow
  • IV Glucagon if patient cannot swallow

Hyperglycemia Signs/Symptoms:

  • 3 P’s: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia Treatment: Insulin (monitor K⁺ levels)

DM Type 1: autoimmune

  • Treatment: Insulin
  • S/S: 3 P’s, weight-loss, fatigue, diaphoresis Emergency complication:
  • DKA (metabolic acidosis/ketones present)
  • Sign of DKA: o Kussmaul respirations (typical w/ Fruity Breath) o Comatose o Acidosis (high K⁺)
  • Mnemonic: A DIKK = A cidosis D ehydration, I nsulin ↓, K ussmaul, K etones

Treatment protocol:

  • IV insulin / Monitor K⁺
  • Monitor for quick decrease of blood sugar (can cause hypoglycemia and cerebral edema)
  • IV fluids to treat dehydration
  • Glipizide (oral hypoglycemics)

DM Type 2 ✍️ (handwritten)

  • S/S: 3 P’s (gradual)
  • Treatment: Oral hypoglycemic medications and insulin (if needed)

Emergency complication:

  • HHNS (hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome) — No metabolic acidosis/no ketones >
  • Monitor TEMP (sign of FEVER) Treatment:
  • IV insulin / Monitor K⁺
  • Monitor for quick decrease of blood sugar (can cause hypoglycemia and cerebral edema)
  • IV fluids to treat dehydration
  • BIGUANIDE → Metformin o s/s: N/V o reduces glucose production by the liver
  • Alpha-2 inhibitor

Insulin Management ✍️ (handwritten)

  • >360 IV (rotate) DO NOT REFRIGERATE
  • Insulin Pump: Must use short-acting insulin, NOT long-acting insulin
  • Designed specifically for: Short-acting insulin only
  • Education needed: Patients stating long-acting insulin use need further teaching
  • Storage: Keep open vials at room temperature ✍️ (handwritten)
  • Diet: non-nutritive sugar

HEMATOLOGIC CONDITIONS

Agranulocytosis/Neutropenia

  • Definition: Failure of bone marrow to make white blood cells
  • Represents: Bone marrow suppression
  • Risk: Increased infection risk due to inability to produce WBCs

GYNECOLOGICAL & BREAST CONDITIONS

Cervical Cancer Screening

  • Test: PAP smear (Papanicolaou test)
  • Pap smear screening schedule: o Age 21–29: Every 3 years
  • Note: 28 - year-old without screening since age 21 requires immediate screening
  • Red flag indication: Abnormal or absent screening history requires prompt evaluation

Endometrial Cancer

  • Red flag: Post-menopausal patient should NOT see bleeding or spotting
  • Clinical significance: Any vaginal bleeding or spotting after menopause suggests uterine (endometrial) cancer
  • Diagnostic test: Endometrial biopsy
  • Critical note: Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding always requires evaluation for possible uterine or cervical cancer

Endometriosis

  • Characteristic symptom: Painful menstrual cycles (dysmenorrhea)

Post-Operative Vaginal Hysterectomy (2 hours post-op)

  • Excessive bleeding concern: Change pad frequently
  • Critical nursing intervention: Nurse must intervene if patient is changing pad frequently or every 30 minutes (indicates possible hemorrhage)

Vital sign monitoring:

  • Monitor blood pressure for hypotension (↓ BP)
  • Monitor heart rate for tachycardia (↑ heart rate)
  • Priority assessment: Check for bleeding complications

Lactation & Mastitis

  • Lactational cellulitis mastitis presentation: Pain, redness, warm breast to touch, and mass at areola
  • Clinical indicator: Mother lactating with these symptoms indicates infection
  • Diagnosis: Lactational mastitis

Fibrocystic Breast Changes

  • Assessment criterion: Changes that don’t align with menstrual pattern
  • Action required: Report to provider if pattern is atypical
  • Key indicator: Lumps that do not correlate with menstrual cycle warrant provider notification

Breast Mass in Elderly Patient

  • Diagnostic approach: Ultrasound is the first test to perform

MALE REPRODUCTIVE CONDITIONS

Testicular Self-Examination

  • Timing: During or after a warm shower
  • Technique: o Use both hands to examine each testicle separately o Gently roll testicle between fingers
  • Reporting: Report any lumps or masses
  • Normal variation: Slight difference in testicle size is normal

Penile Trauma (Motor Vehicle Accident)

Abnormal findings requiring immediate provider notification:

  • Erection lasting for hours = ABNORMAL
  • Drainage of blood at penis = ABNORMAL
  • Bluish discoloration of penis = ABNORMAL
  • Action: Call provider immediately for any of these signs

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

Herpes

  • Incorrect patient education (WRONG): “As long as I use a condom, I can have sex even if lesions are there”
  • Correct understanding: Condoms do not fully prevent transmission if lesions are present
  • Teaching point: Patients need education about transmission risk even with barrier protection