US Midterm Examination, Exams of Theology

Download US Midterm Examination and more Exams Theology in PDF only on Docsity!

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671 Visually appearing traits greatly impact our lives, in matters of modest importance (friend selection) to great importance (e.g. getting a job and career mobility) Culture which is commonly defined as the shared patterns of thoughts, beliefs, behaviors and habits in both material and symbolic realms greatly affects how we perceived our bodies visually , how we feel about our physical appearance, how we think and talk ourselves about our bodies, and our sense of how other people view our bodies. Pop Culture is a culture widely accepted and patronized by the public which is very appealing to the youth. It’s influence goes to the point of imitating the way they dress and style their bodies, the way they talk and express themselves and eventually influences the way they define themselves. Fred Self- Definition refers to the way how a person sees themselves Hyper-mediated society concept wherein we are constantly beset with media images explaining especially advertisements representing appropriate bodies or skin, so that we internalize these ideals and either attempt to conform to them or resist them. For example, using of Kojic soap, glutathione to lighten skin. Boy’s body image is generally more positive than girls, and boys are much more likely to welcome weight gain. A cultural ideal is that male bodies must be big and strong while female bodies must be slim. This can result to increased body dissatisfaction, negative mood states and eating disorder symptoms and decreased self-esteem. Self-esteem is used to describe a person’s overall sense of self-worth or personal value; how much you appreciate and like yourself. Why is self-esteem important? Self-Esteem sometimes referred to as self- worth or self-respect , is an important part of success. Too little self- esteem can leave people feeling defeated or depressed. It can also lead people to make bad choices, fall into destructive relationships, or fail to live up to their full potential. Too much self-esteem , however, as exhibited in narcissistic personality disorder, can certainly be irritating to others and can even damage personal relationships. How to develop positive body image:

1. Understanding that healthy, attractive bodies come in many shapes and sizes
2. Physical appearance says very little about our character or value as a person.
3. How we get to this point of acceptance often depends on our individual development and self-acceptance. EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT: I Essay
4. Given the chance, which part of your body do you want to change? Why? Which part do you want to retain? Why?
5. A very alarming issue among young people today is depression. From your own point of view, answer the following: a. what could be the possible causes of depression? b. What are the possible effects of depression to the person and to the people around him? c. As a youth, how could you concretely help lessen or overcome the impact of such phenomenon?

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671 LEARNING MODULE IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF MODULE 2 LESSON: UNPACKING THE SELF (THE SEXUAL SELF) REFERENCES: Ariola, Mariano M. (2018) Understanding the Self. Intramuros, Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing, Inc. Macayan, J., Pinugu, J., and Castillo, J. (2018) Understanding the Self. South Triangle, Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc., Villafuerte, S., Quillope, A., Tunac, R & Borja, E. (2018) Understanding the Self. Nieme Publishing House Co. Ltd., Cubao, Quezon City. OBJECTIVES:

1. Discuss the sexual development involving the human reproductive system, erogenous zones, sexual behavior and human sexual response.
2. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in understanding one’s sexuality, chemistry of lust, love and attachment and the psychological aspect of being turned on.
3. Examine the diversity of human sexuality, sexual health, sexually transmitted diseases and methods of contraception. TOPIC/CONTENT:
4. Sexual Development
5. Human Sexuality
6. The Diversity of Human Sexuality CONCEPT Sexual Self is the part of yourself where you learn and understand your sexual development and how people’s sexual activity, beliefs, misconceptions and unlimited access from the internet on sex can influence your own sexual behaviors and responses. Your sexual self speaks of your sexual health, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression and values around sexuality. 3 Reasons Why an Individual’s Sex is Important in Lifelong Development; (Hurlock, 2001, p. 32)
7. Each children come under increasing cultural pressures from parents, teachers, peer group and society at large to develop attitudes and behavior patterns that are considered appropriate for members of their sex.
8. Learning experiences are determined by individual’s sex. In the home, at school and in play groups, children learn what is considered appropriate for members of their sex.
9. The attitude of parents and other significant family members towards individuals because of their sex. Strong preferences for a child of a given sex have marked influences on parent’s attitudes affecting relationship with the child. Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development and the Concept of Erogenous Zone Freud believed that every child goes through a sequence of developmental stages and that the child’s experiences during these stages determine adult personality characteristics. Freud uses the fixation to describe what occurs when a person does not progress normally from stage to stage but remains overly involved with a particular stage.

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671 Human Sexual Response Erogenous zones

• refer to parts of the body that are primarily perceptive and increase arousal when touched in a sexual manner. Some commonly known erogenous zones are the mouth, breasts, genitals, and anus. Human Sexuality – more than sexual feelings or sexual intercourse. It is an important part of who a person is and what she/he will become. It include all feeling, thoughts and behaviors associated with being female or male, being attractive and being in love, as well as being in relationships that include sexual intimacy and sensual and sexual activity. The Five Circles of Sexuality Sexuality encompasess nearly every aspect of our being, from attitudes and values to feelings and experiences. It is influenced byt the individual, family, culture, religion/spirituality, laws, professions, institutions, science and politics.

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671 The Chemistry of Lust, Love and Attachment -This is a phase which is driven by the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen – in both men and women. Estrogen and Testosterone are the two basic types of hormones present equally in men and women’s body that excite the feeling of lust within the brain. -This phase is said to be one of the beautiful moments of life. This is the phase when a person actually starts to feel the love. This is the amazing time when you are truly love-struck and can think of little else. Scientists think that three main neurotransmitters are involved in this stage; adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin. -Is a bond helping the couple to take their relationship to advanced levels. It instigates the feeling of bearing children and falling in love with them wholeheartedly. Scientist think there are two major hormones in this feeling of attachment, oxytocin and vasopressin. Sexual Orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Sexual orientation also refers to a person’s sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions. How do people know if they are lesbian, gay or bisexual? The basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence. These patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction may arise without any prior sexual experience. It is a slow process and can form from different experiences and situations. This normally happens during adolescence when people separate

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671 LEARNING MODULE IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF MODULE 3 LESSON: UNPACKING THE SELF (THE MATERIAL SELF) REFERENCES: Ariola, Mariano M. (2018) Understanding the Self. Intramuros, Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing, Inc. Macayan, J., Pinugu, J., and Castillo, J. (2018) Understanding the Self. South Triangle, Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc., Villafuerte, S., Quillope, A., Tunac, R & Borja, E. (2018) Understanding the Self. Nieme Publishing House Co. Ltd., Cubao, Quezon City. OBJECTIVES:

1. Define material self
2. Describe how material self affects a person
3. Explain the relationship between possessions and the extended self. TOPIC/CONTENT:
4. The Material Self
5. Shaping the Way We See Ourselves: The Roles of Consumer Culture on Our Sense of Self and Identity CONCEPT We are living in the world of sale and shopping spree. Almost everywhere, including the digital space, we find promotions of product purchase. Product advertisements are suggestive of making us feel better or look good. What makes us want to have those products are connected with who we are. What we want to have and already possess are related to our self. “We regard our possessions as parts of ourselves. We are what we have and what we possess.” – Belk, 1988. MATERIAL SELF – primarily about our bodies, clothes, immediate family, and home. We are deeply affective by these things because we put so much investment of our self to them. BODY - The innermost part of our material self. We are directly attached to it and we can’t live without t it. We strive hard to make sure that this body functions well and good. We also have preferential attachment to certain parts because of its value to us. CLOTHES – “any time we bring an object into the surface of our body, we invest that object into the consciousness of our personal existence and make it a part of us” (Watson, 2 014). Ou r clothes affect our attitude and behavior. It is a form of self-expression. We wear clothes that reflect us. FAMILY –our parent and siblings hold an important of our self. What they do or become affects us. When an immediate family member dies, a part of us dies too. When their lives are in success, we feel their victories as well. In their failures, we are also put to shame. We think of our family as a replica of our self. HOME – it is our earliest nest of selfhood. Our experiences in life are sometimes recorded and marked in our home. The home is an extension of our self, we directly connect ourselves to it. The identification of the self to things started in our infancy stage. As we grow older, putting importance on our material possessions decreases. We value more things like happiness, significant events, accomplishments, and people in our lives. Evidences behind the idea that money truly can change people: a. Social and Business Value By recognizing a task’s social value, a person sees it as a worthy investment of time and part of his/her social duty, and she is usually happy to help out. When money is offered as the motivation, however, people then start thinking less of the social aspect and more about the business value. b. Self-Sufficiency and Service Those who are conscious of money typically strive to be more self-sufficient than those for whom money isn’t a priority. When given a very difficult and even impossible task, with instructions that help was available, It was the money- related group that seemed the most intent on getting the job done alone, even when it was not possible to finish the task solo. c. Self-View The amount one earns could have an effect on how he/she views both himself/herself and others. Wealthy people were more likely to believe that wealth was part of genes and identity; that life is fair and people get what they deserve. Poor people tend to believed that social class was not related to genes, that essentially, anyone can be rich or poor.

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671 d. Ethics Those who perceive themselves to be in a higher class were the most likely to engage in unethical behavior, particularly when a symbol of wealth was introduced, such as cutting off a pedestrian when in a luxury car, for example. Self-interest maximization – an idea that suggests those who have the most money or occupy higher classes are more likely to take a “what’s in it for me?” attitude. They actively work toward the most benefit for themselves. e. Addiction Many addictions begin because a person gets a positive response from a certain type of behavior. Whether it’s a happy feeling that one gets from shopping or a thrill that comes from gambling, actively seeking out that behavior again and again for the same outcome can trigger an addiction. Behavioural or Process addiction refers to a compulsive behavior not motivated by dependency on an addictive substance, but rather by a process that leads to a seemingly positive outcome. Shaping the Way We See Ourselves: The Roles of Consumer Culture on Our Sense of Self and Identity If possessions are viewed as part of self, it follows that an unintentional loss of possessions should be regarded as a loss or lessening of self because people perceive their belongings as extension of their selves. For example, people may feel a diminished sense of self when possessions are lost due to theft or casualty; or losing photographs of loved ones in their purse or cell phones. Cycle of work and spend – the level of consumption is set mainly by people’s choices about how much work and therefore how much income to earn. “Work more to buy more” Special Cases of Extended Self

1. Collections (“I Shop, Therefore I am”) Many collectors who are inhibited and uncomfortable in social interactions, surround themselves with favoured objects upon which they project human-like qualities. They practically talk to these objects; they find comfort in being with them and regard them as friends.” In this sense, collections may be seen as transition objects or security blankets for adults giving them greater feeling of security. 2. Pets Pets are regarded commonly as representative of self and studies show that we attempt to infer characteristics of people from their pets. Pets are also regarded as family members and in some cases, the death of the pet is similar to loss of a home or a limb. 3. Body Parts Since we are permanently attached to our body parts, the loss of body parts is tantamount to losing one’s identity and one’s very being. EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT: Activity 1. This is an individual activity which is to be shared in groups after accomplishing the desired outputs. a. List down the things you bought for the week b. List down things that you need for the week c. Make your new budget plan for the week d. Explain each of your choices in relation to self. After this completing the needed information, create a short self- reflection essay about the activity.

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671 According to Mercado (1994), “a purified kalooban is supported by prayer. This loob that has been continually purified and strengthened acquires commitment to the cause of the individual. This happens through forms of sacrifices which include prayers, abstinence from certain kinds of food, or comforts, and sexual abstinence. Kagandahang loob is rooted from the Supreme Being having kindness, generosity, benevolence and helpfulness. FINDING AND CREATING MEANING According to Victor Frankl, “meaning is something to discover rather than to invent”. Three ways of discovering meaning in Life a. Experiential Values – involves experiencing something or someone we value. The most important example of experiental values is the love we feel towards another – family, relatives, friends and workmates. b. Creative Values – traditional existential idea of providing oneself with meaning by becoming involved in one’s projects or better in the project of one’s own life. It includes the creativity and passion involved in art, music, writing, invention and work. c. Attitudinal Values – includes practicing values such as compassion, bravery, a good sense of humor, and the like. But Frankl’s most famous example is achieving meaning by way of suffering. The ultimate goal is self-transcendence in the spiritual realm. It is a reference to God, a reference to religion. THE PRACTICE OF RELIGION RELIGION – a set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually include:

• a belief in supernatural being; such as spirit/gods
• a focus on sacred supernatural, with a feeling of reverence and awe
• presence of supernatural energy that is found on supernatural as well as physical beings and objects
• performance of ritual activities
• articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives/’stories
• provide creation of social bonds and social control within a community Functions of Religion to Man:

1. The practice of religion has significant effect on happiness and an overall sense of personal well-being.
2. Regular religious attendance led to much less psychological distress
3. Young people see love as the central aspect of the meaning of life; they believe that religion is still important in helping form judgments and attitudes
4. The cohabitation rate is seven times higher among persons who seldom or never attend religious services compared to persons who frequently attend **HOW DO PEOPLE PRACTICE RELIGION?
5. Ritual** – the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by tradition or sacred law. A specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by societies. It is possible to view it as a way of defining/describing humans. 3 fundamental characteristics of rituals:
   1. A feeling of respect, awe, admiration, in relation to the sacred
   2. Dependence upon a belief system expressed through myth
   3. Symbolic in relation to its reference 2. Magic – refer to activities, usually rituals, by which a person can compel the supernatural to behave in certain ways. It is seen as the ability which gives somebody control over the forces of nature. It is used in many cultures for healing, keeping away evil, seeking the truth, and for vengeful purposes. 3. Witchcraft – commonly understood as ‘kulam’, refers to the idea that certain people have inborn power to harness spirits or energies for specific purposes. It is an explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death. EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT:
6. Draw a symbol that best illustrates your most intimate or most meaningful experience with God. Explain such experience and describe how you felt. What do you think was God telling you in that particular experience?

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671 LEARNING MODULE IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF MODULE 5 LESSON: UNPACKING THE SELF (THE POLITICAL SELF) REFERENCES: Ariola, Mariano M. (2018) Understanding the Self. Intramuros, Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing, Inc. Macayan, J., Pinugu, J., and Castillo, J. (2018) Understanding the Self. South Triangle, Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc., Villafuerte, S., Quillope, A., Tunac, R & Borja, E. (2018) Understanding the Self. Nieme Publishing House Co. Ltd., Cubao, Quezon City. OBJECTIVES:

1. Trace the historical context of the political self of the Filipinos.
2. Take pride of the Filipino identifying values and traits.
3. Connect the current trends or social upheavals to the historical viewpoints of independence and liberation. TOPIC/CONTENT:
4. Developing Filipino Identity: Values, Traits, Community and Institutional Factors
5. Filipino Markers CONCEPT Poltical Self is the identity of being a member of the community or country to where he belongs. It is taking pride of his nation and belongingness. In the precolonial era, the Filipinos were free. The system of government was wide ranging in small units called balangay – a term derived from a wooden boat used by a community of families for their living. When Spanish colonizers made a kinship pact called sanduguan , it was grounded on the Filipino value of katapatan , of helping one another in times of need and development. However, the Spanish colonizers did not remain faithful to the pact that they have agreed with the Filipinos, thus stripping natives of their rights and freedom. Towards the end of the third century under the Spanish colonial rule, educated indios (Filipino natives) manifested the value of katapangan (courage) to fight back against the oppressive rule of the colonizers. Several reformists such as Dr. Jose Rizal used their talents and skills to fight back and enrage their pagkamakabayan (patriotism) once again. Countless bloody and intellectual battles were fought and won several years after until freedom was given to Filipinos when the Philippine National Flag was raised and waved in Kawit, Cavite. Filipinos are known globally for some distinct traits whether it be negative or positive. Personalities such as Lea Salonga, Manny Pacquiao and many others were famous in different field all over the world. COMMENDABLE FILIPINO TRAITS AND VALUES  Hospitality – Filipinos are known to warm and welcoming even to Foreigners.  Loving and Respectful for the elders – using of po and opo and personally taking care of parents/elders.  Close Family Ties – families are number one priority and most of Filipinos work for a better life to uplift their families’ conditions and even extend to their sons and grandchildren.  Cheerful and Happy – Filipinos are friendly, and fond of spending time with sing-along, staying in beaches.  Self Sacrifice – willingness to help other people even going out of their comfort zones.  Bayanihan – attitude of extending services for the communal good. Filipinos ready to help not in monetary form but in the form of services. NON - COMMENDABLE FILIPINO TRAITS AND VALUES  Bahala Na Attitude – from the word “bathala” meaning “God is taking care of everything”. This can lead to no proper planning of anything to venture.  Colonial Mentality – supporting foreign products more than their own due to colonization of Spain, United States and Japan.  Mañana Habit – also means procrastination. Postponing for the next the things that should have done at the moment.  Ningas Kugon – good at starting a project but gradually loses interest to continue the undertaking.  Crab Mentality – being resentful and unhappy for the good fortune of others.  Filipino Time – not being conscious of time and not following the scheduled time in either an event or meeting.  Pwede Na Attitude – okay with sub-par or mediocre service or products FILIPINO MARKERS What are the hallmarks of being a Filipino? What makes us truly relish in our being a Filipino? Proverbs or Salawikain – sayings that convey lessons and reflections on Filipino practices, beliefs, and traditions.

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671

• Poverty
• Human Rights violation
• Role of Youth
• Maltreatment of Women and Children 3. Analysis of Filipino Traits. Examine the following traits and look into its positive and negative impact**. Filipino Traits Positive Negative

1. Self – Sacrifice
2. Close Family Ties
3. Cheerful and Happy
4. Crab Mentality
5. Colonial Mentality
6. Pwede na Attitude**

(formerly City College of Lucena) Isabang, Lucena City Tel. No. and Fax No. (042) 797 – 1671 LEARNING MODULE IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF MODULE 6 LESSON: UNPACKING THE SELF (THE DIGITAL SELF) REFERENCES: Ariola, Mariano M. (2018) Understanding the Self. Intramuros, Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing, Inc. Macayan, J., Pinugu, J., and Castillo, J. (2018) Understanding the Self. South Triangle, Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc., Villafuerte, S., Quillope, A., Tunac, R & Borja, E. (2018) Understanding the Self. Nieme Publishing House Co. Ltd., Cubao, Quezon City. OBJECTIVES:

1. Discuss about online identity and their ‘self’ in cyberspace and user id
2. Evaluate the impact of online interactions on the self
3. Establish proper management of online behavior TOPIC/CONTENT:
4. The Self in the Age of Technology
5. Online Disinhibition Effect
6. Managing Online Behavior CONCEPT Digital self is a claim that the digital web allows us to try out different personas that differ from our real life. It is not the same as your real-world identity because the characteristics you represent online differ from the characteristics you represent in the physical world. The Self in the Age of Technology Social media is defined as the websites and applications that make it easier to create and share information, ideas, and interests. It also allows people to create other forms of self-expression via virtual communities and networks. Through the use of social media, people may act differently since interaction in social media do not happen face-to-face and there is no physical presence required. This is called online disembodiment. With this, people are less likely to display their real “selves” to others, especially to strangers. Digital Identity  People generally have role identities. These are the characters and roles an individual creates as a member of a particular social group. Following this definition, “self” is composed of identities ranked by importance. The greater the commitment of an individual to a particular identity, the greater the importance of this identity.  In an online environment, one’s role identity is vitally important in order for him/her to project himself/herself in the said environment. Amidst the technological tools and channels surrounding individuals and online activities that people engage in, one’s online identity enables him/her to participate in a virtual society.  However, participation in virtual environments may entail changes that may affect a person’s sense of self. In some cases, people present themselves differently in online interactions as compared to the face-to-face interactions they engage in. Online Disinhibition Effect When people adopt fake identities, they are likely to engage in behaviours that they would not do in real life interactions, known as online disinhibition. There are 2 main categories of behaviors that fall under online disinhibition:
   1. Benign disinhibition. It occurs when people tend to self-disclose more on the internet than they would in real life or go out of their way to help someone or show kindness.
   2. Toxic disinhibition. People take part of this when they use rude language, bully or threaten others on online platforms, and go to websites with contents of violence, crime, and pronography. Managing Responsible Online Behavior  How can one behave responsibly online? The following are some suggestions: