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USABO Plant Form and Function
root system - correct answer the entire set of plant roots that anchor the plant, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food shoot system - correct answer the aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers photosynthate - correct answer a sugar or other product of photosynthesis primary root - correct answer the first root (and organ) that emerges from a germinating seed lateral root - correct answer a root that develops from the pericycle of an established root taproot - correct answer a main vertical root that develops from the primary root (in eudicots) and gives rise to lateral roots; enables the plant to grow taller by preventing toppling root hair - correct answer a tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals adventitious root - correct answer a root that grows from an unexpected region of the plant, such as from a stem or leaf; characteristic of a fibrous root system buttress root - correct answer a large, wide aerial root that provides architectural support to a shallowly-rooted tree
prop root - correct answer an aerial, adventitious root that supports tall, top-heavy plants (e.g. maize) pneumatophore - correct answer an aerial root produced by mangroves and other swamp plants specialized for gaseous exchange stem - correct answer a vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures node - correct answer a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached internode - correct answer a segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached apical bud - correct answer a bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud axillary bud - correct answer a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch; appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem rhizome - correct answer a continuously growing horizontal underground stem which puts out lateral shoots and adventitious roots at intervals stolon - correct answer a creeping horizontal plant stem or runner that takes root at points along its length to form new plants tuber - correct answer an enlarged end of a rhizome or stolon that is specialized for storing food blade - correct answer the thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight
(3) has a large central vacuole (4) produces sugars and stores starch (5) remains meristematic (6) is polyhedral in shape collenchyma cell - correct answer (1) is elongated (2) has an unevenly thickened primary cell wall (3) provides structural support without restraining growth (4) is living and flexible sclerenchyma cell - correct answer (1) has a thick, highly lignified secondary cell wall (2) is unable to elongate (3) supports plant regions that have stopped growing (4) is dead at functional maturity primary growth - correct answer growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots lateral meristem - correct answer a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants (e.g. vascular and cork cambium) secondary growth - correct answer growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants vascular cambium - correct answer a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue cork cambium - correct answer a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells
primary meristem - correct answer one of the three meristematic derivative of the apical meristem protoderm - correct answer the primary meristem that develops into dermal tissue procambium - correct answer the primary meristem that develops into vascular tissue ground meristem - correct answer the primary meristem that develops into ground tissue root cap - correct answer a cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem; secretes mucilage, an extracellular polysaccharide that lubricates the soil around the tip of the root endodermis - correct answer in plant roots, the innermost layer of the cortex that surrounds the vascular cylinder pericycle - correct answer the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise apical dominance - correct answer the tendency for primary plant growth to be concentrated at the tip of the shoot, a property stemming from the inhibitory activity of the apical bud on axillary bud growth leaf primordium - correct answer a finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from which a leaf arises mesophyll - correct answer leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis; in C3 and CAM plants, they are located between the upper and lower epidermis while in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis
androecium - correct answer the second innermost whorl of stamens gynoecium - correct answer the innermost whorl of carpels phyllotaxy - correct answer the arrangement of leaves on a stem specific to each species apoplast - correct answer in plants, everything external to the plasma membrane of a plant cell symplast - correct answer in plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells. water potential - correct answer the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions; predicts the direction in which water will flow solute potential - correct answer a component of water potential that is inversely proportional to the molarity of the solution pressure potential - correct answer a component of water potential that quantifies the physical pressure on a solution; can be positive, zero, or negative Casparian strip - correct answer a water-impermeable ring of suberin (wax) in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls root pressure - correct answer guttation - correct answer
cohesion-tension hypothesis - correct answer etiolation - correct answer auxin (IAA) - correct answer (1) promotes stem elongation via a proton-pump-mediated acid-growth mechanism (2) promotes fruit growth from developing seeds (3) indirectly enhances apical dominance (4) regulates vascular differentiation, spatial organization, and phyllotaxy (5) induces lateral/adventitious root formation in cuttings (6)serves as an herbicide at high concentrations by stimulating the production of ethylene cytokinin - correct answer (1) stimulates cell division in developing tissues (2) represses apical dominance by promoting lateral bud growth (3) delays senescence by inhibiting protein degradation, stimulating RNA/protein synthesis, and mobilizing nutrients from surrounding tissues gibberellin (GA) - correct answer (1) promotes stem elongation, can induce "bolting" (2) stimulates fruit growth and seed germination (in response to imbibition) abscisic acid (ABA) - correct answer (1) inhibits growth (2) promotes seed dormancy and desiccation tolerance (3) reduces transpiration by inducing stomatal closure ethylene - correct answer (1) instigates the "triple response" in response to mechanical stress (2) enhances the rate of senescence and promotes leaf abscission (3) promotes ripening
Pfr - correct answer stimulates seed germination and lateral branching and inhibits vertical growth short-day plant - correct answer flowers when night exceeds a critical dark period; a flash of light interrupting the dark period prevents flowering long-day plant - correct answer flowers only if the night is shorter than a critical night period; a brief flash of light interrupting the dark period induces flowering
