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USABO Question grind
Common in most biomes? - correct answer Vegetation with vertical layering Biome with most vertical layers - correct answer Tropical rain forest Type: Application Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that: a. the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations. b. members of different populations have different nutritional requirements. c. the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations. d. members of different populations differ in learning ability - correct answer Answer: [c] Explanation: read the question - it says "chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts" meaning they all know how to use it ... this eliminates [b] and [d]. It is probably not genetic so the answer is [c]. Next Time: If it says something about the habitat in the question, and mentions a species in the habitat, then the species probably use the thing mentioned. Type: Application Although some sharks close their eyes just before they bite, their bites are on target. Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects and that they can find batteries buried under the sand. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite, in the same way, that: a. a rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow.
b. an insect avoids being stepped on. c. a star-nosed mole locates its prey in tunnels. d. a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river. - correct answer Answer: [d] Explanation: The question says stuff about metal and batteries, so the shark senses metal. If it finds buried batteries, then it can sense the prey without seeing it. The prey "buried" corresponds with being under "muddy" water, so [d] is correct. Next Time: Generalize the stuff the question gives out, like the metal stuff in this question. Then, make an analogy with the question and each choice, and the choice that MOST CLOSELY matches up is correct. Protease X can cleave - correct answer other Protease X! Predators are Keystone species if they - correct answer feed on dominant species; keep it under control Type: Application An inhibitor of Complex II would cause all of the following EXCEPT: a. An unchanged proton concentration in the inter-membrane space b. Potential damage by Free Radicals c. buildup of FADH d. Impaired Oxidative Phosphorylation - correct answer Answer: [a] Explanation: Although no Protons are pumped from Complex II, there are protons pumped at later complexes. The other 3 choices would be true, and the proton gradient WILL be changed. As a result, [a] is correct. Next Time: Don't just think in the context of the problem and narrow yourself to something mentioned in the problem (like Complex II); in other words, don't just
C) The solubility of IAA was not high enough. D) The researchers were trying to mimic control conditions as closely as possible. - correct answer Answer: [b] Explanation: It's not A or C cause the graph doesn't show that. It is not D because the researchers are trying to see if the effects of the cell, ONE of which could be cell lysis and cytotoxicity. Next Time: When an experiment is done, it is usually not trying to mimic real-life cell conditions since it is trying to see the effects, whatever they are. Some of the results of most experiments could be outside the range that is predicted by the experimenters. Type: Application One of the domains to have the highest degree of sequence homology are the atpB and atpE genes, which due their proximity are cotranscribed and cotranslated. Both genes produce important subunits in the cpATP synthase. A study in 1990 (Gatenby, Rothstein, and Nomura) showed how the genes are related. When a frameshift mutation occurred in the atpB sequence, activity in atpE decreased by over 1000- times. However, when a frameshift mutation occurred in the atpE sequence, atpB activity was mostly unaffected. The existence of the atpB/E coupled gene can be best explained by which of the following? a. atpB and atpE are both very important genes in ATP synthesis b. atpB and atpE are duplications of the same gene c. atpB and atpE function like a bacterial operon d. atpB and atpE exhibit intron/exon splicing typical of many eukaryotic genes - correct answer Answer: [c] Explanation: choice [a] does not answer the question, choice [b] doesn't make sense; why would a duplication have a drastic effect? Choice [d] is untrue since it is in a Chloroplast which does not do Eurkaryotic stuff. Thus, the answer is [c]; atpB is a regulatory element of atpE.
Next Time: Read the question carefully and eliminate ANY detail from an answer choice that doesn't fit with the info given (like the cpDNA thing). Then, reason out the answer choices, and MAKE SURE it answers the question. Also, try to recall Biological stuff that match the situation in the question, like the Operon regulation stuff. What's used for Protein molecular weight? - correct answer Electrophoresis AND Size exclusion gel chromatography. NOT Isoelectric focusing, Ion-exchange chromatography, Affinity chromatography Type: Application Bacteria including cyanobacteria accumulate a glycogen-like polysaccharide for storing glucose. Which of the following can reasonably explain the evolution of storage polysaccharides? The common ancestor of plants and animals could synthesize: A. Both amylopectin and glycogen, but plants have lost the ability of glycogen synthesis during evolution B. Both amylopectin and glycogen, but animals have lost the ability of amylopectin synthesis C. Amylopectin but not glycogen, and animals have acquired the ability of glycogen synthesis D. Glycogen but not amylopectin, and plants have acquired the ability of amylopectin synthesis - correct answer Answer: D Explanation: The answer is D because the question does not say anything about the Cyanobacteria having Amylopectin but mentions how it can accumulate Glycogen. Next Time: Get info that's stated ONLY in the question; don't make assumptions. If the question gives a paragraph, USUALLY the question mostly uses info from the paragraph so DON'T make assumptions!! Type: Application
A. John's abdominal muscles increased his intra-abdominal pressure, which is forcing his abdominal viscera upward against his diaphragm. His intrapulmonary pressure at Mile-23 may have decreased by 80 mmHg since the beginning of the marathon B. John's abdominal muscles decreased his intra-abdominal pressure, which is forcing his abdominal viscera upward against his diaphragm. His intrapulmonary pressure at Mile-23 may have increased by 80 mmHg since the beginning of the marathon. C. John's abdominal muscles increased his intra-abdominal pressure, which is forcing his abdominal viscera upward against his diaphragm. His intrapulmonary pressure may have increased by 80 mmHg since the beginning of the marathon D. John's abdominal muscles decr - correct answer Answer: A Explanation: The thing is a marathon for God's sake so there is FORCED Abdominal muscle contraction for FORCED Expiration; hence more Abdominal pressure, smaller Abdomen = less Pulmonary pressure!!! Next Time: Read the question correctly, then thing abt how it affects the process that the question describes, like how a marathon affects respiration. Natural selection is effective in the evolutionary processes because it: - correct answer Increases the mean fitness of a population. The question LITERALLY ******* states EVOLUTIONARY so read that omg!!!! Which two major climatic factors dictate what kind of vegetation is found on the landscape? - correct answer Temperature and precipitation Among plants, long-term survival depends mostly on competition for - correct answer Light
Possible metabolic conversions - correct answer Fats: Can convert sugars to fats CANNOT convert fats to sugars Proteins: Can convert sugars to amino acids Can convert amino acids to sugars Nucelotides Can convert sugars to nucleotides CANNOT convert Nucleotide to sugar Why did 5' to 3' evolve? - correct answer The polymerase would not be able to conduct proofreading during the replication process. Dicer vs RISC - correct answer Dicer cuts dsRNA into siRNA or miRNA RISC does the silencing!!! Rods vs Cones - correct answer Rods = High amplification, single photon detection, Low temporal resolution: slow response, long integration time Cones = Lower amplification, High temporal resolution: fast response, short integration time ***Hyperpolarization stimulates release of its neurotransmitters. O2, ion, Sacharide diffusion - correct answer O diffuses across endothelial cell membranes; Na+ and glucose diffuse through pores
Epistasis: ???? Complementation: offspring has a dominant phenotype that recessive parents don't Sex influenced: gene on Autosome (not Sex chromosome like in Sex Linked) MN Antigen system - correct answer MM >> Phenotype = M MN >> Phenotype = MN NN >> Phenotype = N Optimal yield - correct answer 1/2 Carrying capacity Biome order stuff - correct answer Rainfall: Tropical Rainforest > Temperate Rainforest > Temperate Broadleaf/Taiga > Grassland > Savanna > Tundra > Desert Temperature: Desert > Tropical Rainforest > Savanna > Temperate Rainforest > Temperate Broadleaf > Grassland > Taiga > Tundra Inverted Biomass pyramid - correct answer Can be stable NO effect on GPP and Ecological Efficiency MAJOR factor affecting behavior: - correct answer Evolution! Common mammal mating type - correct answer Polygamous
T/F
If a behavior is less than optimal, it is not completely evolved but will eventually become optimal. - correct answer FALSE, it will disappear!!! Core idea of sociobiology - correct answer much human behavior has evolved by natural selection. Major DNA repair in Prokaryotes - correct answer Homologous recombination (RecBCD) pathway Phelloderm - correct answer inside of cork cambium; composed of living parenchyma cells.
- phellogen (cork cambium) - meristem that gives rise to periderm.
- phellem (cork) - dead at maturity; air-filled protective tissue on the outside. Antibody class switching - correct answer In B cells IgM to IgG Irreversible Caused by Recombinase Only constant region affected Can fish respirate through skin? - correct answer NOOO!!! Hibernation - correct answer Respire at a significantly lower rate. Warm up endothermically when aroused.
R state = Relaxed, higher affinity for O2, MORE flexible Survivorship curves + Age structure - correct answer Survivorship: Type 1: humans, large mammals Type 2: some birds + lizards, Hydras, small mammals Type 3: Oysters, Frogs, Fish, Trees Age Structure: US: Triangle, slow growth Italy: dome-shaped (0 population growth) Japan: Inverted, declining population Specificity of vesicle transport: - correct answer v- SNARE and t-SNARE Osmosis - correct answer - Osmosis can be used to measure the molecular weight of macromolecules.
- Reverse osmosis is a process that uses a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure to force the solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from the side with a high solute concentration. Flouphore - correct answer A molecular component of the protein that is energized by a specific wavelength of light and dissipates the energy by emitting light at a longer wavelength. What's required by Phototropic organism? - correct answer Energy supplied by photosynthesis. EDTA - correct answer - strong binding affinity for divalent and some trivalent cations.
- a chelator.
- used to help denature proteins and weaken cell membranes.
- protects DNA from restriction enzymes by removing magnesium ions from the solution. IS NOT: a catalyst for polymer formation and essential for protein and nucleic acid polymerization. ORDER of Protein hydrophobicity: - correct answer IVLFCMAWGTSYPHNDQEKR EXACT definition of Recessive: - correct answer A phenotype conferred when two copies of an allele are present. NOT An Allele OR Weak Phenotype!!! Why are most proteins Homodimers? - correct answer
- Symmetry = better Allosteric regulation
- More specificity + stability.
- Genetic Savings
- EVEN lower Activation energy NOT: A slow post-translational process favors a quaternary structure with the homo- oligomers held together by covalent bonds. Tree growth - correct answer NO intercalary growth (mostly in Monocots); branch height stays constant!!! Type: Application In plant cells grown in the presence of a metabolic poison that specifically inhibits mitochondrial F1ATP synthase, one would expect: A. the pH difference across the cristae to be greater than normal.
Originates in Periderm Unique to Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Plant gravity sensation - correct answer Columella cells sense gravity through statolith pressure on the endoplasmic reticulum Statoliths are specialized Amyloplasts and are found in Statocytes. Phytochrome structure? - correct answer Each phytochrome molecule is a dimer composed of two identical subunits. Each subunit contains a photosensitive chromophore. Type: Application If collagen were treated with Protease X, which cleaves at the carboxyl-terminal of glycine residues, and Protease Y, which cleaves at the amino-terminal of proline, then what would be the length of the majority of the resultant fragments? A. 1 residue B. 2 residues C. 3 residues D. 4 residues - correct answer Answer: [c] Explanation: The answer is C because collagen has REPEATING residues of Gly- Pro-X so each cut residue would be a Pro-X-Gly so it's C! Next Time: Usually a protein does not have 3 frickin' amino acids. Usually there's more, especially when the problem mentions a protease. Thus, when a problem mentions a set of amino acids, usually it repeats so make this is acknowledged when answering questions about the peptide.
