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EDF 622 3 FINAL EXAM 2024- 2025
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A child has now imitated at least 10 models. The behavior analyst wants to move on to a new goal. Which would you recommend that analyst select next? Correct Answer Modeling 2-step movements for imitation When should you stop motor imitation training? Correct Answer When the student consistently imitates novel models or can imitate a sequence of behaviors A client you are working with does not know all the steps to wash his hands after using the bathroom, a chain he must complete every time he attempts it for hygiene reasons. What procedure should you use for this particular chain of behaviors? Correct Answer total task chaining You are helping a client learn a new skill needed to obtain a job in an industry that you are unfamiliar with. To validate your task analysis, the best option would be: Correct Answer Consult with experts in that field A behavior analyst is assessing a client's ability to put on a jacket. After the prompt, the behavior analyst records every step of the task analysis that the client did correctly
but helped to complete the steps not completed correctly or within a certain time. The behavior analyst is assessing mastery using: Correct Answer Multiple Opportunity Method You are working with a client who is being taught how to use the toilet using a forward-chaining method. The client can perform all the steps at home 100% of the time but attempts to flush the toilet before urinating in the school bathroom. What is one method you can use to establish the correct chain in the new location? Correct Answer Breaking the inappropriate chain and re-examining the Sd's A client working in a factory setting has been successfully trained to put together pens piece by piece. He is doing well until the color of the pen ink changes. What is one thing the BCBA should have considered when training this skill? Correct Answer Stimulus variation Every time you go to Taco Bell, you order Fire Sauce for your tacos and they give it to you. You move across town and go to a different Taco Bell which informs you every time that there is no Fire Sauce in stock. Eventually, you stop asking for Fire Sauce because your behavior has been: Correct Answer extinguished Dwight tells a colleague that his son's nose-picking behavior has been extinguished simply because he has been delivering a reinforcer during periods of time where
verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response. formal similarity Correct Answer A situation that occurs when the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response or response product (a) share the same sense mode (e.g., both stimulus and response are visual, auditory, or tactile) and (b) physically resemble each other. Verbal behavior that is reinforced through the mediation of another persons behavior Correct Answer true According to Skinner(the assigned video) did any solitary person ever begin to talk Correct Answer no Mands relations depond on Correct Answer C. MO's and specific reinfrocment Tact relations depend on Correct Answer A. non verbal sds and generalized reinforcment Which type of verbal operant is controlled by verbal sds Correct Answer C. intraverbal Which of the following are roles that a listener plays in a verbal episode? the listener may Correct Answer D. all of the listed, serve as an audience, consequence a speakers behavior, and become the speaker TRUE OR FALSE. Formal properties of language involve topograpghy of the verbal reponse whereas the functional
properties involve the causes of the response Correct Answer True TRUE OR FALSE. The verbal behavior approach is not useful for people who have lost thier verbal behavior through disease or injury Correct Answer false how are verbal operants classified? Correct Answer verbal operants are classified into six different types of elementary verbal operants. They are: mand, tact, echoic, intraverbal, textual, transcription What circumstance does the listner become the speaker Correct Answer intravberal, when the listener has to respond verbally to the speaker How does understanding of the functional units of verbal behavior contrubiyte to the analysis of multiple control and complex verbal behavior? Correct Answer Antcedents, behavior and consequences How does the verbal operant approach impact assessment and intervention with individuals who are having problems acquring verbal behavior? Correct Answer a language assessment for a person with language delays has three primary goals: identify the nature of the delay or problem, to compare the perdsons perfromance with expected norms, and to provide guidance for an apprioate intervention. The goal is to provide what a child can and cannot do.
An intraverbal response is a type of verbal operant in which a speaker: Correct Answer A. differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others _________________ has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity Correct Answer Echoic Questions to determine if intraverbal or mand? Correct Answer Look to see is the speaker or listener the one asking? If speaker is asking question going to be a mand, If listner responds its intraverbal Textual Correct Answer reads words and says it out loud Transcription Correct Answer writing or spelling words that are spoken( writing down what the teacher says in lecture) Can verbal behavior be non vocal? Correct Answer yes Public accompaniment occurs when: Correct Answer An observable stimulus accompanies a private stimulus TRUE OR FALSE The speaker and the listener create a total verbal episode. Correct Answer True In Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, the meaning of words are classified based on their Correct Answer Funtion
Skinner argues that language constitutes Correct Answer earned speaker and listener behavior that is acquired, maintained and extended by environmental contingencies of reinforcement Skinner (1957) defined verbal behavior Correct Answer as behavior reinforced through the mediation of other persons" (p.2), but those other persons "must be responding in ways which have been conditioned precisely in order to reinforce the behavior of the speaker" the intraverbal is a verbal operant in which Correct Answer the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal SD that does not have point-to-point correspondence to the verbal response, but does have a history of a generalized SR the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal SD that does not have point-to-point correspondence to the verbal response, but does have a history of a generalized SR Correct Answer a verbal SD that evokes a corresponding nonverbal response (or class of responses) due to a history of a generalized SR convergent multiple control, Correct Answer a single response is controlled by more than one antecedent variable Divergent mutliple control Correct Answer a single antecedent variable controls more than one response
structural linguistics, because his focus was on the______________ classifications. Correct Answer functional Verbal behavior is ____________ through the mediation of another person's behavior and can indirectly obtain the same reinforcement of a nonverbal behavior through the ______________ Correct Answer reinforced, listener Verbal behavior, in ABA, includes both ____________- verbal and nonvocal-verbal behavior. Correct Answer vocal A ____________________ is the unit of analysis for verbal behavior and are identified by the operant's functional relation between a type of responding and variables such as motivating variables, discriminative stimuli, and consequences. Correct Answer verbal operant The ________________ is where the response has point- to-point correspondence, but without formal similarity. Correct Answer codic The ______________ is where the response and the verbal stimulus have formal similarity and a history of generalized reinforcement. Correct Answer duplic Textual and taking dictation are both types of ____________ relations. Correct Answer codic
The three types of _____________ relations are echoic, motor imitation, and copying text. Correct Answer duplic Duplic relations have a history of ______________ reinforcement. Correct Answer generalized The ______________ is under the control of specific reinforcement whereas the all other operants produce generalized conditioned reinforcer. Correct Answer mand The echoic occurs when the speaker repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker with point-to-point correspondence and ______________. Correct Answer formal similarity Unlike the echoic, the ______________ does not have point-to-point correspondence because the speaker differentially responds to another's verbal behavior. Correct Answer Intraverbal The listener is the mediator of reinforcement for the speaker as well as the discriminative stimulus for the speaker's Correct Answer behavior A word that can evoke very different intraverbal responses from different people or during different times is likely under Correct Answer divergent multiple control Verbal behavior that is controlled by multiple stimuli and is a blend of a tact and a mand is called an Correct Answer impuretact
The discriminative features of the environment are different in this context (i.e., the model is not controlling the behavior Controlled Relation Correct Answer •The controlling relation between the model and the imitative behavior is paramount •This is best evidenced when the model is novel and it still evokes an imitative response
- After this first occurrence, the new behavior has a history of reinforcement
- Becomes a discriminated operant Imitation Training Correct Answer •Some children with disabilities require instruction in order to learn to imitate •Objective: to teach children to "do what the model does"
- Generalize a rule to imitate models
- Also known as generalized imitation Steps to Imitation Training(Striefel, 1974) Correct Answer •Assess and teach any prerequisite skills for imitation training •Select models for training •Pretest •Sequence models for training •Perform imitation training Assessing/Teaching Prerequisite Skills Correct Answer •Prerequisite skills needed:
- Attending (staying seated, keeping hands in lap, looking at teacher when name is called, looking at objects when prompted by teacher)
- Problem behaviors that may interfere with training may need to be decreased Selecting Models for Training Correct Answer •Begin with selecting about 25 •Include gross and fine motor examples
- Movement of body parts
- Manipulation of physical objects •Use only one at a time (don't sequence them--save sequences for later) Pretesting Correct Answer •Purpose: to determine if individual already imitates some models •Procedures:
- Get learner in "ready" position
- If object to be used, place it in front of individual
- Say learner's name, and then "do this"
- Present the model
- Immediately praise all responses with formal similarity to the model
- Record learner's response as correct or incorrect Sequencing the Selected Models for Training Correct Answer •Arrange from easiest to most difficult •First models for training are ones the individual imitated correctly on some, but not all, pretest items •Next, teach ones the learner approximated but did incorrectly on pretest
- On 3 consecutive post-assessments •If child has imitated a model incorrectly on 14 of 15 trials, remove it from training
- Physical guidance may be used Performing Imitation Training: Probes Correct Answer •Probes for imitative behavior
- Purpose: assesses for generalized imitation
- Select 5 non-trained, novel models to check for occurrence of imitation
- Do at end of each training session or intermix in training sessions Use pre-assessment procedures (no antecedent or response prompts Guidelines for imitation training Correct Answer •Keep training sessions active and short (10-15 minutes, a couple times a day) •Reinforce both prompted and imitative responses •Pair verbal praise and attention with tangible reinforcers •If progress breaks down, back up and move ahead slowly •Keep a record •Fade out verbal response prompts and physical guidance What is Shaping? Correct Answer •A process in which one
- Systematically and differentially reinforces
- Successive approximations to a terminal behavior •Used to help learners acquire new behaviors
Differential Reinforcement Correct Answer •Some members of a response class are reinforced (responses that are successively closer to the terminal behavior) •Other members of that response class are not reinforced (responses that are not closer to the terminal behavior) Response Differentiation Correct Answer •Involves two components:
- Differentially reinforce behaviors that resemble the terminal behavior
- Carefully changing the criterion for reinforcement •Result
- Increase in behaviors successively closer to terminal behavior
- Decrease in behaviors that are not successively closer to terminal behavior Dimensions of Behavior that can be Shaped Correct Answer •Topography
- Form of the behavior •Frequency
- Number of responses per unit of time •Latency
- Time between onset of antecedent stimulus and the occurrence of the behavior •Duration
- Total elapsed time for the occurrence of the behavior •Amplitude
- Magnitude
- Fading by changing antecedent stimuli Increasing Efficiency of Shaping Correct Answer •Combine with a discriminative stimulus (e.g., a prompt)
- Verbal cues
- Physical guidance
- Models Guidelines for Implementing Shaping Correct Answer •Consider nature of behavior to be learned and resources available
- How far away is current performance from terminal behavior? •This might influence how long shaping will take
- What is the availability of staff and other resources? •Remember, this is a labor intensive procedure Guidelines for Implementing Shaping Correct Answer •Select the Terminal Behavior
- The ultimate criterion for selecting a behavior for change: •How will the behavior change contribute to the learner's independence in gaining reinforcement?
- Define the terminal behavior precisely •Then you'll know when the behavior has occurred Guidelines for Implementing Shaping Correct Answer •Determine Criteria for Success
- How accurate, fast, long, or intensely should the behavior be performed? Under what conditions should it be performed?
- Establish norms by
•Consulting literature •Observing similar peer group Guidelines for Implementing Shaping Correct Answer •Analyze the Response Class
- Identify the approximations that might be emitted during training •Trainer is in a better position to "stay ahead of his/her subject"
- Can be done by: •Consulting experts in the field •Use published literature •Use videotape of peers to analyze components of a behavior •Perform the target behavior yourself Guidelines for Implementing Shaping Correct Answer •Identify the First Behavior to Reinforce
- Behavior should already occur at some level
- Behavior should be a member of the targeted response class Guidelines for Implementing Shaping Correct Answer •Eliminate Interfering Stimuli
- Eliminate distractions during training •Proceed in Gradual Stages
- Be prepared for decrements in performance when you increase criteria Guidelines for Implementing Shaping Correct Answer •Limit the Number of Approximations at Each Level
