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Verbs-Grammar and Composition-Lecture Slides, Slides of Grammar and Composition
This lecture was delivered by Dharamnishth Chandra at Aligarh Muslim University for Grammar and Composition course. It includes: Verbs, Perfect, Tenses, Voice, Active, Passive, Modal, Auxiliaries, Continuous, Have
Typology: Slides
2011/2012
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Verbs are words that show action or state of being.
It is necessary to have a good command over usage of verbs to write and speak well.
Verbs can be accompanied by verb-like words called modal auxiliaries (can, may, should, will, would etc.) Other auxiliaries such as be , do and have also accompany verbs to give them different meanings
Be , do and have are three primary verbs which also act as helping verbs or auxiliaries to other verbs to change their meanings.
Do is a verb in itself but also acts as an auxiliary to help form questions and negatives.
He does his job well. (main verb) Do you have a new pen? (question) No, I don’t. (negative)
Have is also a verb in itself and an important auxiliary. It helps to form perfect tenses.
They have a new car. (main verb) He has bought a car. (present perfect) He had got an award for his great work. (past perfect)
Modal auxiliaries include the following modals: Can, could; will, would; shall, should; may, might; be able to; must; have to; ought to; dare; need to
Can, could are used for ability, polite request Will, would are used for certainty, polite request May, might are used for possibility, permission Must, have to indicate necessary action Should, ought to indicate obligation
Pakistanis love cricket.
The earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit.
The President of U.S arrives in Spain tomorrow.
Perfect tenses show actions happening before the time shown in Simple tenses.
He has painted the door. (may be he finished moments before we speak; he may continue to paint the door afterwards)
He painted the door. (the action has finished and its time has ended)
Let us discuss examples of Present Simple, Present Perfect and Simple Past.
Kindly make sentences with these tenses to see the difference in usage.
Past perfect and Future Perfect denote actions that happen before a certain action in the past or future.
He had already finished his breakfast when the bell rang.
He will already have finished his breakfast when the bell rings.