Download Vicarious Liability: Who Can Be Held Responsible for Others' Wrongdoings? and more Lecture notes Acting in PDF only on Docsity!
Vicarious Liability
Definition: liability based not on a person’s own wrongdoing, but rather on that person’s relationship to the wrongdoer.
What Relationships Are We Talking About?
Parent may be responsible for acts of children. Employers (including corporations) may be responsible for acts of employees. Employers are responsible for acts of independent contractors in case of “non- delegable duties.” Principals may be responsible for acts of agents. One partner may be responsible for acts of another partner. One person engaged in a joint enterprise may be responsible for the acts of another. The owner of a car may be responsible for the acts of the driver.
NOTE : All of these individuals are responsible for their own negligent actions, but that is not
the subject of this handout. In these cases, we’re discussing holding a person liable for another’s injury, even though the person has not behaved negligently or otherwise done anything wrong.
Parent May Be Responsible for Acts of Children
Essential Elements
Defendant’s child was under 18. Child maliciously or willfully injured plaintiff or destroyed plaintiff’s property. Amount of actual damages.
Limitations
Total recovery may not exceed $2,000. Fact that parent no longer has custody and control (whether by court order or agreement) is complete defense.
Employer May Be Responsible for Acts of Employees
Essential Elements:
Negligent person was employed by defendant. Negligent person was acting within scope of employment, or employer authorized the employee to act tortiously or employer later ratified employee’s tortious acts. Amount of actual damages.
The courts have said that an employee acts within the scope of his employment if his actions were for the purpose of in some way furthering the business of the employer. The courts have applied this standard in a somewhat mechanical fashion, focusing on WHAT the employee was doing—assigned duties (albeit in a tortious fashion) or something else?
Special Rule for Independent Contractors
The general rule is that an employer is NOT responsible for the acts of an independent contractor. Test for whether a worker is an employee or an independent contractor is whether the worker maintained the right to control and direct the manner in which the details of the work were to be done. A worker is an independent contractor if that person contracts to perform work based on his own methods and judgment, retains the right to determine how and in what manner the work shall be done, and reports to the employer only in terms of result of work.
Exception to rule of non-liability: Employers are responsible for acts of independent contractors in case of “non-delegable duties.”
The courts have identified the following as “inherently dangerous” activities or “non- delegable” duties. This means that these areas are so important that we will hold an employer responsible even for the acts of an independent contractor.
Mechanic negligently repaired brakes—owner held responsible.
Plumber negligently repairs water heater in inn—innkeeper held responsible based on duty to guests of inn.
Operator of ride at fair negligently failed to close safety bar—fair owner held responsible.
One person engaged in a joint enterprise may be responsible for the acts of another.
A joint enterprise exists when two or more people join together in pursuit of a common purpose, having an equal right to direct each other’s actions. Persons engaged in a joint enterprise are jointly and severally liable for the negligent actions of each other.
A passenger in a vehicle may be responsible for the negligence of the driver if the two are engaged in a joint enterprise.
The owner of a car may be responsible for the acts of the driver
An owner of a car who is a passenger is vicariously liable for the negligence of the driver, based on the owner’s legal right to control the operation of the vehicle.
Even when the owner of a car is not a passenger at the time of the negligent action, the owner is responsible if
The driver is a member of the owner’s family or household and lives in the owner’s home;
