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Aviation Seminars
WEATHER REPORTS AND FORECASTS FACSIMILE REPORTS AND FORECASTS
Surface Analysis Chart (Report)
The Surface Analysis Chart depicts actual frontal positions, pressure patterns, temperature, dewpoint, wind, weather, and obstructions to vision at the valid time of the chart.
Isobars are depicted by solid lines and indicate lines of equal pressure. Dashed lines indicate that the pressure gradient is weak.
Weather Depiction Chart (Report)
The weather depiction chart provides. a graphic display of both VFR and 1FR weather.
Numbers below a cloud cover symbol indicate height, in hundreds of feet, of the lowest cloud layer. Numbers and symbols to left of cloud cover symbol indicate visibility and type of obstruction to visibility.
Radar Summary Chart (Report)
Radar Summary Chart (Report) (Cont)
The radar summary chart is a collection of radar reports, Including lines and cells of hazardous thunderstorms. It does not show clouds, only precipitation.
Low Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart (Forecast)
The Low Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart forecasts conditions up to 24,000 feet MSL
High Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart (Forecast)
The High Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart forecasts conditions from 24,000 feet MSL to 63,000 feet MSL
Small scalloped lines indicate cumulonimbus clouds, icing, and moderate or greater turbulence.
Constant Pressure Chart (Report)
This chart shows observed temperature, wind, and temperature/dewpoint spread at specified flight levels.
Hatching on the chart indicates wind speed of 70 knots to 110 knots.
Aviation Seminars
Constant Pressure Chart (Report) (Cont) The minimum vertical wind shear for probable moderate or greater turbulence is 6 knots per 1,000 feet.
Winds Aloft forecast
The winds aloft forecast shows direction (true), velocity, (knots) and temperature (C).
Area Forecast
Used to determine forecast weather conditions, i.e. expected frontal movement, turbulence, and icing conditions for a specific area. Issued 3 times a day.
FLT PRCTNS... IFR would indicate 1FR conditions that meet lnflight advisory criteria.
SIG CLD AND WX.. ~ sky conditions, cloud heights, visibility, and obstructions to vision, and surface winds of 30 knots or more.
HAZARDS would contain a brief list of weather phenomena that meet AIRMET and/or SIGMET criteria and location of each.
ENROUTE WEATHER ADVISORIES
Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEEB)
TWEB provides continuously transcribed individual route forecasts for specific routs of flight, available on VOR and NDB Navaids.
lnflight Advisories
CONVECTIVE SIGMETs consist of either an observation and a forecast or just a forecast for tornadoes, thunderstorm activity, or hail greater than or equal to 3/4 inch diameter.
SIGMET advisories include weather potentially hazardous to all aircraft.
AIRMET advisories include less severe conditions which may be hazardous, particularly to light aircraft.
Flight Service Stations broadcast AIRMETs and Non- Convective SIGMETs at I 5 minutes and 45 minutes past the hour for the first hour after issuance..
REPORTS AND FORECASTS
METAR-Aviation Routine Weather Reports
SPECI KMDW 121856Z 32005KT I 1/2SM RA OVCOO 17/16 A2980 RMK RA
METAR or SPECI identifies as normal or special. KMDW -4 letter identifier. I 21 856Z - Date and time {in UTC} issued. 32005KT - Surface winds 320 degrees true, 5 knots. I 1/2SM - one and one half statute miles visibility. RA - two letter code depicting rain. OVCOO7 - Sky conditions as overcast at 700 AGL. 17116 - Temperature and dew point in degrees Celsius. A2980 - Altimeter setting as 29. RMK RAB35 - Remarks - rain began 35 past the hour.
EXAMPLE: SPECI KBOI 091854Z 32005KT 1 1/2 SM RA BR OV0007 17/16 A2990 RMK RAB 12
In this example, rain and mist are restricting visibility and the rain began at 1812Z.
EXAMPLE: RMK FZDZB45 WSHFT 3OFROPA
These remarks mean the wind shifted at 30 minutes past the hour due to frontal passage. The freezing drizzle began at 45 minutes past the hour.
Cloud heights are always above the surface. When determining thickness of layers based on a pilot report, be sure to convert cloud height to MSL by adding the field elevation. Pilot reports are always MSL.
VIRGA - is precipitation beneath clouds, which evaporates before reaching the ground.
SQUALLS - If reported at your destination, you should expect sudden increases in wind speed of at least 1 5 knots to a sustained speed of.20 knots or more for at least I minute.
TAF - Terminal Aerodrome ForecastS
KOKC 051 1 30Z 051 21 2 1 4008KT 5SM BR BKNO3O TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR FM 1 801 OKT P6SM NSW SKC BECMG 2224 2001 3G20KT 4~M SHRA OVCO2O PROB4O 0006 2SM TSRA OVCOO8CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6SM NSW SCTO4O =
KOKC - 4 letter identifier 051 1 30Z - Date and time the TAF was issued. 051212 - Forecast period 5th day, 1200Z to 1200Z. 14008KT - Surface winds 140 degrees true 8 knots. 5SM BR - 5 statute miles visibility with mist.
Aviation Seminars
Which is true concerning this radar weather report for OKC?
OKC 1934 LN 8TRW+/+ 86/40 1 64/60 1 99/1 1 5 15W 2425 MT 570 AT 159/65 2 INCH HAIL RPRTD THIS ECHO
A) There are three cells with tops at 1 1.500, 40.000. and 60.000 feet. B) The line of cells is moving 080° with winds reported up to 40 knots. C) The maximum top of the cells is 57,000 feet located 65 NM south-southeast of the station.
What is the meaning of the terms PROB40 2102 +TSRA as used in a Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
A) Probability of heavy thunderstorms with rain showers below 4000 feet at time 2102. B) Between 2100Z and 0200Z there is a forty percent (40%) probability of thunderstorms with heavy rain. C) Beginning at 2102Z forty percent (40%) probability of heavy thunderstorms and rain showers.
- J25 COM What does the contraction VRB in the Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) mean?
A) Wind speed is variable throughout the period. B) Cloud base is variable. C) Wind direction is variable.
Which statement pertaining to the following Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) is true? TAF KMEN 091 135Z 0915 15005KT 5SM HZ BKNO6O FM1600 VRBO4KT P6SM SKC
A) WND in the valid period implies surface winds are forecast to be greater than 5 KTS B) wind direction is from 160° at 4 KTS and reported visibility is 6 status miles. C) SKC in the valid period indicates no significant weather and sky clear.
The visibility in a Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) of P6SM implies that the prevailing visibility is expected to be greater than:
A) 6 nautical miles. B) 6 statute miles. C) 6 kilometer
NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS
5413. J25 COM
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF) are issued how many times a day and cover what period of time?
A) Four times daily and are usually valid for a 24 hour period. B) Six times daily and are usually valid for a 24 hour period including a 4-hour categorical outlook. C) Four times daily and are valid for 12 hours including a 6-hour categorical outlook.
Which information section is contained in the Aviation Area Forecast (FA)?
A) Winds aloft, speed and direction. B) VFR Clouds and Weather (VFR CLDS/WX). C) In-flight Aviation Weather Advisories.
The section of the Aviation Area Forecast (FA) entitled VFR Clouds and Weather contains a summary of:
A) forecast sky cover, cloud tops, visibility, and obstructions to vision along specific routes. B) only those weather systems producing liquid or frozen precipitation, fog, thunderstorms, or 1FR ceilings. C) sky conditions, cloud heights, visibility, obstructions to vision, precipitation, and sustained surface winds of 20 knots or greater.
In-flight Aviation Weather Advisories include what type of information?
A) Forecasts for potentially hazardous flying conditions for en route aircraft. B) State and geographic areas with reported ceilings and visibility’s below VFR minimums. C) IFR conditions, turbulence, and icing within a valid period for the listed states.
- J25 COM What type of Inflight Weather Advisories provides an en route pilot with information regarding the possibility of moderate icing, moderate turbulence, winds of 30 knots or more at the surface and extensive mountain obscurement?
A) Convective SIGMETs and SIGMETs. B) Severe Weather Forecast Alerts (AWW) and SIGMETs. C) AIRMETs and Center Weather Advisories (CWA).
- J25 COM What single reference contains information regarding expected a volcanic eruption, that is occurring or expected to occur?
A) In-Flight Weather Advisories. B) Terminal Area Forecasts (TAF). C) Weather Depiction Chart.
Aviation Seminars
The National Aviation Weather Advisory Unit prepares FA’s for the contiguous U.S.
A) twice each day. B) three times a day. C) every 6 hours unless significant changes in weather require it more often.
Which forecast provides specific information concerning expected sky cover, cloud tops, visibility, weather, and obstructions to vision in a route format?
A) Area Forecast. B) Terminal Forecast. C) Transcribed Weather Broadcast.
- J25 COM To obtain a continuous transcribed weather briefing including winds aloft and route forecasts for a cross- country flight, a pilot could monitor
A) a TWEB on a low-frequency and/or VOR receiver. B) the regularly scheduled weather broadcast on a VOR frequency. C) a high-frequency radio receiver tuned to En Route Flight Advisory Service.
- I57 COM SIGMET's are issued as a warning of weather conditions which are hazardous
A) to all aircraft. B) particularly to heavy aircraft. C) particularly to light airplanes.
- I57 COM Which correctly describes the purpose of Convective SIGMET's (WST)?
A) They consist of an hourly observation of tornadoes, significant thunderstorm activity, and large hailstone activity. B) They contain both an observation and a forecast of all thunderstorm and hailstone activity. The forecast is valid for 1 hour only. C) They consist of either an observation and a forecast or just a forecast for tornadoes, significant thunderstorm activity, or hail greater than or equal to 3/4 inch in diameter.
- I57 COM What values are used for Winds Aloft Forecasts?
A) True direction and MPH. B) True direction and knots. C) Magnetic direction and knots.
NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS
5425. I57 COM
On a Surface Analysis Chart, the solid lines that depict sea level pressure patterns are called
A) isobars. B) isogons. C) millibars.
- I58 COM Dashed lines on a Surface Analysis Chart, if depicted, indicate that the pressure gradient is
A) weak. B) strong. C) unstable.
- I58 COM Which chart provides a ready means of locating observed frontal positions and pressure centers?
A) Surface Analysis Chart. B) Constant Pressure Analysis Chart. C) Weather Depiction Chart.
On a Surface Analysis Chart, close spacing of the isobars indicates
A) weak pressure gradient. B) strong pressure gradient. C) strong temperature gradient.
The Surface Analysis Chart depicts
A) frontal locations and expected movement, pressure centers, cloud coverage, and obstructions to vision at, the time of chart transmission. B) actual frontal positions, pressure patterns, temperature, dewpoint, wind, weather, and obstructions to vision at the valid time of the chart. C) actual pressure distribution, frontal systems, cloud heights and coverage, temperature, dewpoint, and wind at the time shown on the chart.
- I59 COM Which provides a graphic display of both VFR and IFR weather?
A) Surface Weather Map. B) Radar Summary Chart. C) Weather Depiction Chart.
- I59 COM When total sky cover is few or scattered, the height shown on the Weather Depiction Chart is the
A) top of the lowest layer. B) base of the lowest layer. C) base of the highest layer.
