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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing
Unit number and title 13: Website Design & Development
Submission date Date Received 1st submission
Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission
Student Name Nguyễn Minh Ánh Student ID BH
Class SE06203 Assessor name Lương Thị Minh Huế
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I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Student’s signature Anh
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A. INTRODUCTION
In an age filled with technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as an important driving force for progress in many fields, especially education. The ability of machines to simulate natural human intelligence has opened up new spaces for innovation in the teaching and learning process. However, when we look at the context of Vietnamese education, we see that the potential of artificial intelligence has not been fully and effectively explored in improving the quality of education. In the Vietnamese educational environment, although there have been some positive efforts to integrate artificial intelligence into the teaching process, they often only focus on specific applications and lack an overall understanding. about how AI can promote the development of Vietnamese education. This study aims to provide a more comprehensive view, focusing on detailed evaluation and in-depth analysis of the application of artificial intelligence in the process of teaching Vietnamese. The goal is to understand how AI can not only enhance teaching and learning performance but also help optimize the educational experience, especially in the context of Vietnamese language and culture. In this way, we hope to contribute to the comprehensive development of Vietnamese education in today's technological age.
B. CONTENT
I. IDENTIFY THE PURPOSE AND TYPES OF DNS, INCLUDING EXPLANATIONS ON HOW DOMAIN NAMES ARE
ORGANISED AND MANAGED (P1)
1. Website.
Figure 1 A Website
A website is a collection of related web pages, multimedia content, and other resources identified by a common domain
name and accessible through the internet. Websites are designed to be viewed in web browsers, and they serve various
purposes, including informational, educational, commercial, or entertainment.
Key components of a website include:
2. How the website works? Figure 3 How the website works All web pages are identified by a unique address, which tells the browser where they are located. Simply put, when you enter a web address into your browser, it goes to that specified location and retrieves the website. This information retrieval process is performed by a web service using technologies such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), which essentially define how information and files are transferred. via the web. The browser then displays the retrieved web page on your screen using technologies such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). They structure and present a website's information to visitors by telling the browser exactly where to place content on the screen. Luckily, we don't need to know how to write computer code or have in-depth knowledge of these technologies to create a website. In fact, you can turn your website idea into a fully functional website in just a few minutes using a website builder.
For example, Hostinger's website builder allows you to create a website using AI. You just need to enter a few sentences, such as your brand name and website description, and the tool will create the template in minutes. Then, use the drag-and-drop editor, which allows you to visually edit all elements of your website.
3. Domain Name System
o What is domain name?
➔ A domain name is a string of text that maps to an alphanumeric IP address, used to access a website from client software. In plain English, a domain name is the text that a user types into a browser window to reach a particular website. For instance, the domain name for Google is ‘google.com’. ➔ The actual address of a website is a complex numerical IP address (e.g. 192.0.2.2), but thanks to DNS, users are able to enter human-friendly domain names and be routed to the websites they are looking for. This process is known as a DNS lookup.
o How the domain names are organised and managed?
Domain names are organized and managed through a hierarchical system that involves various entities and processes. Here's an overview of how domain names are organized and managed: a. Top-Level Domains (TLDs): ➔ Definition: TLDs are the highest level in the domain name hierarchy. They include generic top-level domains (gTLDs) like .com, .org, and country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) like .us, .uk. ➔ Management: Each TLD is managed by a designated registry. For example, Verisign manages the .com and .net TLDs, while Nominet manages the .uk ccTLD. b. Second-Level Domains (SLDs): ➔ Definition: SLDs are the next level in the hierarchy and directly follow the TLD. They represent the main part of a domain name, such as "example" in www.example.com. ➔ Registration: SLDs are registered by individuals, businesses, or organizations through accredited domain registrars. Registrars act as intermediaries between the domain registrant and the registry. c. Subdomains: ➔ Definition: Subdomains are additional labels that can be added to a domain, creating a more specific address. For example, blog.example.com has "blog" as a subdomain.
➔ Root DNS Servers: Sit at the top of the DNS hierarchy and direct queries to the appropriate Top-Level Domain (TLD) server. ➔ Top-Level Domain (TLD) DNS Servers: Manage information related to specific TLDs (e.g., .com, .org), directing queries to authoritative name servers for the requested domain. ➔ Authoritative DNS Servers: Hold the specific DNS records for a domain and provide authoritative responses to DNS queries. ➔ Recursive DNS Servers: Handle queries from client machines, obtaining information by traversing the DNS hierarchy. They may cache results to improve efficiency. c. DNS Records: These are data entries stored on authoritative DNS servers, mapping domain names to corresponding IP addresses or containing other information related to the domain. c. Resolvers: Resolvers are components within DNS clients, like your web browser or operating system, responsible for initiating DNS queries. They interact with DNS servers to obtain the necessary information. Functions of the Domain Name System: a. Translation of Domain Names: The primary function of DNS is to translate human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand. b. Hierarchy and Distribution: DNS is organized in a hierarchical manner, distributed across various servers worldwide. This decentralized structure ensures efficiency, reliability, and redundancy in the system. c. Caching: DNS servers, especially recursive ones, often cache query results. This caching mechanism helps reduce the time and resources needed to resolve frequent queries by storing previously obtained information. d. Load Distribution: DNS can be used for load distribution by employing techniques such as Round Robin DNS, distributing traffic across multiple servers to prevent overload on a single server. e. Redirection : DNS can be used to redirect traffic from one domain to another, enabling domain forwarding or load balancing.
In summary, the Domain Name System is a crucial part of the internet infrastructure, providing a user-friendly way to access resources while efficiently managing the translation of domain names to IP addresses through a distributed and hierarchical system.
o Purpose and type of DNS
● Purpose of DNS (Domain Name System): Figure 4 Purpose of DNS
➔ Top-Level Domain (TLD) Server: Manages DNS records for top-level domains (e.g., .com, .org, .net) and directs queries to the authoritative name servers for the specific domain. ➔ Caching DNS Server: Stores recently accessed DNS records, reducing the need for repeated queries to authoritative servers. This enhances response times and minimizes network traffic. ➔ Forwarding DNS Server:Forwards DNS queries to another DNS server rather than resolving them directly. This is commonly used in corporate networks to centralize DNS management. In summary, comprehending the purpose and types of DNS is fundamental to understanding how the internet efficiently translates human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses, ultimately facilitating seamless communication and access to online resources.
o How does DNS work
Figure 5 DNS work The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and distributed system that translates human-readable domain names into numerical IP addresses, allowing computers to locate and connect with each other on the Internet. The process of how DNS works involves several key steps:
● Domain Name Entry: When a user enters a domain name into a web browser (e.g., www.example.com), the computer needs the corresponding IP address to establish a connection. ● Local DNS Resolver: The user's computer checks its local DNS resolver, a service provided by the Internet Service Provider (ISP) or configured locally. This resolver caches previous DNS queries to improve efficiency. ● DNS Query Initiation: If the IP address for the requested domain is not found in the local cache, the DNS resolver initiates a query by contacting the root DNS servers. ● Root DNS Servers: The root DNS servers are the first level in the DNS hierarchy. They provide information about the Top- Level Domain (TLD) servers responsible for specific domain extensions (.com, .org, .net). ● TLD Servers: The root DNS servers direct the resolver to the appropriate TLD server based on the domain extension (e.g., .com). TLD servers maintain information about domain names within their domain extension. ● Authoritative DNS Servers: The TLD server redirects the resolver to the authoritative DNS server for the requested domain. Authoritative DNS servers hold the specific DNS records for a domain, including IP addresses. ● DNS Records Retrieval: The authoritative DNS server provides the IP address associated with the requested domain back to the DNS resolver. ● Caching and Response: The resolver caches the IP address locally to speed up future queries for the same domain. It then returns the IP address to the user's computer. ● Establishing Connection: With the IP address obtained from the DNS resolver, the user's computer can establish a connection to the desired web server. ● Data Transfer: Once the connection is established, data transfer between the user's computer and the web server can occur. This entire process takes milliseconds to complete and is transparent to the user. The hierarchical structure of DNS, along with the use of caching, contributes to the efficient and reliable functioning of the system. Additionally, the distributed nature of DNS ensures redundancy and helps prevent bottlenecks, making it a crucial part of the internet's infrastructure.
While HTTP/HTTPS are fundamental for web communication, FTP is specific to file transfer, IP/TCP form the backbone of internet communication, and SMTP is crucial for email transmission. Each of these protocols plays a vital role in enabling various aspects of communication and data exchange over the internet. Relationship to Designing, Publishing, and Accessing a Website: ● In the designing phase, web communication protocols influence how data is structured and transmitted. Designers need to consider how different elements on a webpage will be requested and delivered using these protocols. ● During the publishing stage, content is transferred from the web server to the user's browser using these protocols. Publishing involves ensuring that the web server is configured to handle requests efficiently and that the data is transmitted securely if necessary. ● Accessing a website involves the browser and server communicating seamlessly using these protocols. The protocols dictate how the browser requests resources (like HTML, CSS, and images) and how the server responds to those requests. In summary, web communication protocols are the foundation of web interactions, enabling the flow of data between clients and servers. They play a crucial role in the seamless design, publishing, and access of a website by providing standardized rules for communication over the Internet.
2. Server hardware The server is a complex system that is responsible for centralized storage of data sources, processing access to information from other computers via the Internet. The server hardware devices for complete setup are similar to desktop computers (also known as PCs). However, the reliability and performance of the server are much higher than that of conventional computers.’’ The main purpose of server hardware is to share data and execute tasks to keep the users’ workflow smooth and productivity elevated. Some types of hardware server in use: (www.advantage.tech, 2023) ● Mainframe servers: Mainframe servers represent a category of powerful and resilient computing systems that have been the backbone of large-scale enterprise operations for decades. These servers are known for their exceptional processing capabilities, reliability, and ability to handle massive workloads. mainframe servers continue to play a vital role in the landscape of enterprise computing. Their unmatched
processing power, reliability, and scalability make them a strategic choice for organizations that require robust infrastructure to support critical business operations and manage vast amounts of data. Figure 6 Mainframe servers ● Rack-servers: Imagine a stack of neatly organized servers, each one doing its job efficiently. That's the beauty of rack servers. These compact and space-saving devices are like the superheroes of data centers, offering a streamlined solution for various computing needs.rack servers are the organized and efficient solution for businesses looking to make the most of their data center space. With their space-saving design, easy scalability, and cost-effectiveness, they're the go-to choice for many organizations seeking a streamlined computing infrastructure.
