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1. Website là gì (1 slide) Website is a collection of web pages including text, images, videos, flash, etc., usually located in only one domain name or subdomain on the World Wide Web of the Internet.. The website is hosted (web hosting) on a web server accessible through the Internet. A web page is an HTML or XHTML file that can be accessed using the HTTP or HTTPS protocol. Websites can be built from HTML files (static websites) or operated by CMSs running on servers (dynamic websites). Websites can be built in many different programming languages (PHP, .NET, Java, Ruby on Rails...) 2. Các thành phần cơ bản của website (domain name, hosting, source code) 3 slide trình bày rõ từng thành phần Domain name The address of a website (also known as a domain) is the text that users enter into browsers on the Internet to access your website. Each website needs a separate website address, this address is like a private home address, clear, easy to remember and especially it must not be duplicated with other website addresses. In technical terms, the website's address is known as the domain name. Before the website goes live, you need an address (domain name) and hosting (can be seen as the “land” on which your website's home is located). If there is no address or do not know the address of a website, customers or visitors cannot access your website. Thus, it can be said that the address of the website is a tool that leads customers and visitors to your website. Besides, when you have your own website address, it means you can use a lot of email addresses on your domain name and design it better.
This not only makes your company activities more professional, but also makes customers appreciate the prestige and quality of the business. hosting Hosting (or web hosting) is an online service that helps you publish your website or web application to the Internet. When you sign up for a hosting service, you rent a place on the server that contains all the files and data needed for your website to run. A server is a physical computer that runs without interruption so that your website can be up and running at all times for everyone to access. Your Web Hosting provider is responsible for keeping the server up and running, resisting malicious attacks, and transferring content (text, images, files) from the server to the user's browser. Source code
The Source Code Website is a system of one or more files written in the Website programming language. They help to connect the UI elements of the Website with the database. The ultimate goal of the code is to create a complete web page. Websites today are likened to the face of a company or organisation on the Internet. Website was born to reach and increase interaction with customers that the company wants to target. In order to serve the needs (view news, read company profile, ..) customers they access the Website. They perform a lot of operations, corresponding to many different statements. The source code is the skeleton for all these operations. From simple actions such as dragging, dragging, double-clicking, to complex actions like adding items to cart, filling out forms, downloading ebooks, searching documents, etc.
3. Website tĩnh (Static website ) và Website động (Dynamic website) (1-2 slide) Static website Static web is another way of calling first version websites. This is a website purely using the HTML programming language. It is responsible for publishing information like a newspaper. After downloading the HTML page from the server, the browser will assist in compiling the code and displaying the content of the web page. And now users can hardly interact with the website. Can't chat, communicate with it. The content of the Static Website has been determined from the outset. If you want to change or add content, the manager must redo the mould so that new newspapers can be printed. Dynamic website Dynamic website is a term used to refer to web pages powered by a web-based software. Strictly speaking, this is a program that runs with the http:// protocol. It can be viewed as a collection of digitised data organised into a database and presented on web pages in the form of text, audio, and images. Dynamic website is integrated with information processing and data retrieval parts. With this application program, website owners have the right to manage and operate, edit and update information on the website conveniently. No need to rely on any professional programmers. Furthermore, with application programs, buyers have the right to exchange information with website owners and other buyers. It can be said that dynamic web was a great success in the industry of website design services, at that time it was also known as a web application with many luxurious features that were constantly growing.
- Cách thức hoạt động của 1 website (ghi rõ các bước) (1 -2 slide, có hình ảnh mô phỏng) -First, the user enters the browser an address of the form: https://abcxyz.vn -The browser sends a request to the DNS server.
For institutions, educational institutions in different countries will use the .edu domain name with a corresponding different country domain name. Example 1 in Vietnam would be ".edu.vn". -(.org) This domain name is often used for government agencies and non-profit organisations, commercial affiliations,... The .org domain name is often chosen by Internet service providers, website companies, and other organisations directly related to the Internet infrastructure.
- Cấu tạo tên miền (1 slide) Domain names consist of contiguous components and separated by a dot ".". For example, carly.com.vn is the domain name of my company's Web server, including: The first component "carly" is the name of the server The second component "com" is often called the second level domain name.
- Cách thức tên miền được tổ chức và quản lý (1 slide)
- To register a domain, you can work with domain registrars like Google Domains. Google Domains works with domain name management organisations like the Google Domain Name System to get domain names for individuals and companies.
- How are domain registrars and domain name registrars different: +A domain name registrar is an organisation that manages the registration of domain names for one or more top-level domain (TLD) organisations. +A domain name management organization is an organization that manages administrative data for TLDs and subdomains under its jurisdiction, such as a container file containing the address of the name servers for each domain.
- URL là gì? Cấu tạo URL (1 slide) (Phân biệt URL và tên miền ) URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. In theory, each valid URL points to a unique resource. Such resources can be an HTML page, a CSS document, an image, etc. In practice, there are some exceptions, the most common being a URL pointing to a resource that no longer exists or that has moved. As the resource represented by the URL and the URL itself are handled by the Web server, it is up to the owner of the web server to carefully manage that resource and its associated URL. A URL (aka Universal Resource Locator) is a complete web address used to find a particular web page. While the domain is the name of the website, a URL will lead to any one of the pages within the website. Here are some examples of URLs: https://fap.btec.edu.vn/ https://fap.btec.edu.vn/Student.aspx https://fap.btec.edu.vn/Report/ScheduleOfWeek.aspx The 9 parts of a URL are the protocol (or scheme), subdomain, domain name, top level domain, port, path, query, parameters, and fragment. Every website that you’ve ever visited has at least 3 of these 9 parts.
https:// The protocol, also known as the scheme, is the first part of a URL. It represents the sets of rules that decide how files are displayed, formatted, or transferred across the web. https://video.google.co.uk The subdomain. The most common subdomain is ‘www’ which a general symbol for any resource on the web. However, it is common to specify the type of resource that the browser should deliver. In the case of the URL above, we can see that the type of data that is being requested from the server is a for videos. https://video. google .co.uk The domain name is the actual name of the website. The ‘medium’ in ‘medium.com’ or ‘google’ in ‘google.com’. Domain names must be unique as they literally determine the address of a website. In the early days of the web, you actually had to type the IP address to go to a particular site. Later on, words were used instead as they were easier to remember.
The path used to show which directory on server stores the resources (files, videos, audio, etc.) that are being requested. Nowadays, the path that appears in most URLs these days don’t forcibly reflect the directory structure on the server. Instead, paths are used to identify a route in the navigational structure of the website. For example, when you edit a page on Medium, the path structure is https://medium.com/p/some_number/edit. The term ‘edit’ in the URL indicates that this is the page where you edit your blogs. In the URL above, the path has something to do with playing a video, hence ‘videoplay’. ● https://video.google.co.uk:80/videoplay? The query. Many times when searching on a website or search engine, you’ll see a question mark in the URL of the page that display your results. On google.com, if you search for keyword, you’ll see a ‘/search?’ added after the ‘.com’. The question mark tell the browser that a query is being performed against a database where the data is stored. ● https://video.google.co.uk:80/videoplay? docid = -7234293487129834 & hl = e n The parameters are the actual values being queried when a search is performed. The parameter can be search term, a number, an encrypted value or any other data that
can be found on the database. Copy and paste the following address to your browser’s address bar to see shoes:https://www.amazon.com/s?k= shoes ● https://video.google.co.uk:80/videoplay?docid=-7234293487129834&hl=en # 00h02m30s Finally, the fragment , is an optional component of a web address that is preceded by a hash and that directs to a secondary resources, which can a portion of a page like a footer or sidebar. Often times, the fragment will be an id attribute of an HTML element.
- Hệ thống phân giải tên miền (DNS) là gì? (1 slide) The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access information online through domain names, like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.
- Cấu tạo hệ thống phân giải tên miền DNS (1 slide) There are 4 DNS servers involved in loading a webpage: DNS recursor - The recursor can be thought of as a librarian who is asked to go find a particular book somewhere in a library. The DNS recursor is a server designed to receive queries from client machines through applications such as web browsers. Typically the recursor is then responsible for making additional requests in order to satisfy the client’s DNS query. Root nameserver - The root server is the first step in translating (resolving) human readable host names into IP addresses. It can be thought of like an index in a library that points to different racks of books - typically it serves as a reference to other more specific locations. TLD nameserver - The top level domain server (TLD) can be thought of as a specific rack of books in a library. This nameserver is the next step in the search for a specific IP address, and it hosts the last portion of a hostname (In example.com, the TLD server is “com”). Authoritative nameserver - This final nameserver can be thought of as a dictionary on a rack of books, in which a specific name can be translated into its definition. The
- The web browser submits the fap.btec.edu.vn Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request to the web server corresponding to the IP given by the DNS resolver.
- The web server responds by returning the content contained in fap.btec.edu.vn (i.e. the homepage of our website).
- Giao thức truyền thông trong web (tìm hiểu các giao thức HTTP, HTTPS, FTP ) (3 - slide) The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundation of the World Wide Web, and is used to load web pages using hypertext links. HTTP is an application layer protocol designed to transfer information between networked devices and runs on top of other layers of the network protocol stack. A typical flow over HTTP involves a client machine making a request to a server, which then sends a response message. An HTTP request is the way internet communications platforms such as web browsers ask for the information they need to load a website. Each HTTP request made across the Internet carries with it a series of encoded data that carries different types of information. A typical HTTP request contains: ● HTTP version type ● a URL ● an HTTP method: An HTTP method, sometimes referred to as an HTTP verb, indicates the action that the HTTP request expects from the queried server. For example, two of the most common HTTP methods are ‘GET’ and ‘POST’; a ‘GET’ request expects information back in return (usually in the form of a website), while a ‘POST’ request typically indicates that the client is submitting information to the web server (such as form information, e.g. a submitted username and password). ● HTTP request headers: HTTP headers contain text information stored in key-value pairs, and they are included in every HTTP request (and response, more on that later). These headers communicate core information, such as what browser the client is using what data is being requested. ● Optional HTTP body: The body of a request is the part that contains the ‘body’ of information the request is transferring. The body of an HTTP request contains any information being submitted to the web server, such as a username and password, or any other data entered into a form. An HTTP response is what web clients (often browsers) receive from an Internet server in answer to an HTTP request. These responses communicate valuable information based on what was asked for in the HTTP request. A typical HTTP response contains: ● an HTTP status code: HTTP status codes are 3-digit codes most often used to indicate whether an HTTP request has been successfully completed. Status codes are broken into the following 5 blocks: ○ 1xx Informational ○ 2xx Success ○ 3xx Redirection
○ 4xx Client Error ○ 5xx Server Error The “xx” refers to different numbers between 00 and 99. ● HTTP response headers: Much like an HTTP request, an HTTP response comes with headers that convey important information such as the language and format of the data being sent in the response body. ● optional HTTP body: Successful HTTP responses to ‘GET’ requests generally have a body which contains the requested information. In most web requests, this is HTML data which a web browser will translate into a web page. Hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP, which is the primary protocol used to send data between a web browser and a website. HTTPS is encrypted in order to increase security of data transfer. This is particularly important when users transmit sensitive data, such as by logging into a bank account, email service, or health insurance provider. Any website, especially those that require login credentials, should use HTTPS. In modern web browsers such as Chrome, websites that do not use HTTPS are marked differently than those that are. Look for a green padlock in the URL bar to signify the webpage is secure. Web browsers take HTTPS seriously; Google Chrome and other browsers flag all non-HTTPS websites as not secure. HTTPS uses an encryption protocol to encrypt communications. The protocol is called Transport Layer Security (TLS), although formerly it was known as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). This protocol secures communications by using what’s known as an asymmetric public key infrastructure. This type of security system uses two different keys to encrypt communications between two parties: ● The private key - this key is controlled by the owner of a website and it’s kept, as the reader may have speculated, private. This key lives on a web server and is used to decrypt information encrypted by the public key. ● The public key - this key is available to everyone who wants to interact with the server in a way that’s secure. Information that’s encrypted by the public key can only be decrypted by the private key. HTTPS prevents websites from having their information broadcast in a way that’s easily viewed by anyone snooping on the network. When information is sent over regular HTTP, the information is broken into packets of data that can be easily “sniffed” using free software. This makes communication over the an unsecure medium, such as public Wi-Fi, highly vulnerable to interception. In fact, all communications that occur over HTTP occur in plain text, making them highly accessible to anyone with the correct tools, and vulnerable to on-path attacks.
FTP sessions work in active or passive modes: ● Active mode. After a client initiates a session via a command channel request, the server creates a data connection back to the client and begins transferring data. ● Passive mode. The server uses the command channel to send the client the information it needs to open a data channel. Because passive mode has the client initiating all connections, it works well across firewalls and network address translation gateways. Why is FTP important and what is it used for? FTP is a standard network protocol that can enable expansive file transfer capabilities across IP networks. Without FTP, file and data transfer can be managed with other mechanisms -- such as email or an HTTP web service -- but those other options lack the clarity of focus, precision and control that FTP enables. FTP is used for file transfers between one system and another, and it has several common use cases, including the following: ● Backup. FTP can be used by backup services or individual users to backup data from one location to a secured backup server running FTP services. ● Replication. Similar to backup, replication involves duplication of data from one system to another but takes a more comprehensive approach to provide higher availability and resilience. FTP can also be used to facilitate this. ● Access and data loading. FTP is also commonly used to access shared web hosting and cloud services as a mechanism to load data onto a remote system.
FTP types There are several different ways an FTP server and client software can conduct a file transfer using FTP: ● Anonymous FTP. This is the most basic form of FTP. It provides support for data transfers without encrypting data or using a username and password. It's most commonly used for download of material that is allowed for unrestricted distribution. It works on port ● Password-protected FTP. This is also a basic FTP service, but it requires the use of a username and password, though the service might not be encrypted or secure. It also works on port 21. ● FTP Secure (FTPS). Sometimes referred to as FTP Secure Sockets Layer (FTP-SSL), this approach enables implicit Transport Layer Security (TLS) as soon as an FTP connection is established. FTPS was initially used to help enable a more secure form of FTP data transfer. It typically defaults to using port 990. ● FTP over explicit SSL/TLS (FTPES). This approach enables explicit TLS support by upgrading an FTP connection over port 21 to an encrypted connection. This is a commonly used approach by web and file sharing services to enable secure file transfers. ● Secure FTP (SFTP). This is technically not an FTP protocol, but it functions similarly. Rather, SFTP is a subset of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol that runs over port
- SSH is commonly used by systems administrators to remotely and securely access systems and applications, and SFTP provides a mechanism within SSH for secure file transfer.
