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Week 4 NR283 Pathophysiology
What is the goal of perfusion? Flood the tissues with high amounts of oxygen and nutrients. Drag and drop the perfusion type to match the corresponding description. Amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute. _______ Volume of blood that flows from arteries to capillaries. _______ Central Tissue Brainpower Read More Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors can have serious consequences on perfusion throughout the body. Identify in the chart below which risk factors are modifiable and which are nonmodifiable. chart Drag and drop the correct type of perfusion to match its targeted body parts. chart Perfusion is a normal process requiring a pump (in this case the heart) to create a strong enough force to move the blood through blood vessels for delivery to the tissues and cells throughout the body. We use several different words to describe
specific things that are happening when perfusion is interrupted. This allows us to better guess what the problem may be. Rearrange the definitions below to their proper terms. chart Review each of the ten conditions below to identify which are related to poor perfusion. Using the drop-down menu below each image, select whether each condition does, or does not, cause cell death due to poor perfusion. chart What are some risk factors associated with a case of poor perfusion due to an artery blockage? Hypertension Smokes one pack per day of cigarettes Dyslipidemia Atherosclerotic heart disease Age Family history Select the appropriate prevention level to match the intervention. chart Click to specify the modifiable risk factors in Kay's documentation. Sedentary lifestyle Weighs 180lbs Smokes a pack of cigarettes a day
chart Kay (preferred pronouns: she, her) is a 52-year-old female who works from home at the computer. Kay used to be very active, going to the gym 4–5 times per week, but now has a sedentary lifestyle. Kay is 5'6" and weighs 180 lbs. Kay smokes a pack of cigarettes a day. Kay’s mother had a stroke in her 60s and multiple procedures to reduce coronary artery blockage. Kay’s grandfather had bilateral amputations of his legs below the knee due to poor circulation. Kay’s father passed away in his mid 50s from a heart attack. Kay tries to eat well but is a stress-eater of sweets and drinks diet beverages over water. Kay takes medication for hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Kay has noticed her feet are swollen, numb, and she has leg pain. Kay is overdue for her check-up with her doctor and is worried something is wrong. What actions can Kay take now to reduce her risks for altered perfusion? Select all that apply. Cessation of smoking Use daily stress reduction techniques Start an exercise plan Drink 64 ounces of water daily Select the description that best describes perfusion: As the blood reaches the tissue, it surrounds the cells within the capillary beds in preparation to deliver nutrients and oxygen. Which conditions cause poor perfusion? Select all that apply. Peripheral vascular disease Stroke Myocardial infarction Dyslipidemia
Pulmonary blood clot Select the items that a nurse could use to improve perfusion and prevent vascular disease. Select all that apply. Medications Blood pressure Nutrition Exercise Maintaining weight Which findings are expected in an individual with hypoxia caused by altered perfusion? Select all that apply. Pain Swelling Difficulty breathing Fatigue Which pathophysiological conditions can lead to coronary artery disease? Select all that apply. Diabetes Hypertension For each risk factor below, indicate if it is a modifiable or nonmodifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease. chart
Treadmill stress test Beth (preferred pronouns: she, her) had a hysterectomy at the age of 34. She is married, has three active children, and works as an attorney. Beth’s day runs long between her high-profile firm and the activities of her children. Beth walks when she can squeeze it in, eats from fast-food restaurants, and drinks several alcoholic beverages at the end of the day to unwind. Beth noticed on her last walk that she had shortness of breath and palpitations. Beth has not been sleeping well because her mind races with all her responsibilities and her upcoming diagnostic tests as cardiac conditions run in her family. Which nonmodifiable risk factors does Beth have that may indicate having coronary artery disease? Select that all apply. Menopause at an early age Family history of cardiac problems Beth (preferred pronouns: she, her) had a hysterectomy at the age of 34. She is married, has three active children, and works as an attorney. Beth’s day runs long between her high-profile firm and the activities of her children. Beth walks when she can squeeze it in, eats from fast-food restaurants, and drinks several alcoholic beverages at the end of the day to unwind. Beth noticed on her last walk that she had shortness of breath and palpitations. Beth has not been sleeping well because her mind races with all her responsibilities and her upcoming diagnostic tests as cardiac conditions run in her family. To determine if Beth has coronary artery disease, which set of diagnostic testing is she most likely scheduled for? Electrocardiogram and lipid profile Beth (preferred pronouns: she, her) had a hysterectomy at the age of 34. She is married, has three active children, and works as an attorney. Beth’s day runs long
between her high-profile firm and the activities of her children. Beth walks when she can squeeze it in, eats from fast-food restaurants, and drinks several alcoholic beverages at the end of the day to unwind. Beth noticed on her last walk that she had shortness of breath and palpitations. Beth has not been sleeping well because her mind races with all her responsibilities and her upcoming diagnostic tests as cardiac conditions run in her family. Beth gets the results of her tests and finds out she is at risk for having a cardiac or cerebral vascular event due to her high ______ levels. Beth understands that ___________ in activity could further cause disease progression and damage. LDL A decrease Beth (preferred pronouns: she, her) had a hysterectomy at the age of 34. She is married, has three active children, and works as an attorney. Beth’s day runs long between her high-profile firm and the activities of her children. Beth walks when she can squeeze it in, eats from fast-food restaurants, and drinks several alcoholic beverages at the end of the day to unwind. Beth noticed on her last walk that she had shortness of breath and palpitations. Beth has not been sleeping well because her mind races with all her responsibilities and her upcoming diagnostic tests as cardiac conditions run in her family. Beth discusses her health situation with her husband and agrees to see a professional to help reduce her risk factors. Which professionals should she see? Select that all apply. All are correct Athrosclerosis Place the following items in the order they occur.
Drag and drop the correct type of cardiac dysthymia to the corresponding description. chart For each clinical manifestation of cardiac dysrhythmias, click to specify if the impacted organ is the brain, heart, or lung. chart The _________ node is the natural pacemaker of the heart. When the heart is in a resting state and the rate is over 100 beats per minute, the heart is in a ___________ state. Sinoatrial Tachycardic __________ is an electrolyte in the blood that triggers and sends electrical impulses to the _____________ An imbalance of ______________ can interfere with the heart's ability to signal and lead to ___________ heartbeats. Potassium Heart Calcium Irregular Which statement describes the cause of cardiac dysrhythmias? A heart rhythm disturbance causes the heart to slow to the point where coronary circulation is not receiving enough oxygenated blood. Select the cardiac dysrhythmia risk factors.
Stress Pollution Coffee Drugs Which test can confirm that a person has cardiac dysrhythmias? Holter monitor Read the case study, and then select the findings that indicate Hazel may be having a cardiac dysrhythmia. chart Hazel (preferred pronouns: she, her) is a 75-year-old, obese female who smokes two packs a day and has been having near fainting spells, palpitations, and difficulty catching her breath when doing activities of daily living. Hazel has been on a high blood pressure medication that includes a diuretic that makes her urinate frequently. Hazel started taking an over-the-counter cold medication 3 days ago and does not feel any better. In fact, she is feeling worse. Hazel initially contributed her symptoms to her cold but is now so fatigued that she barely has any energy. Worried, Hazel calls you, her nurse next door to come sit with her as she is not sure if she should seek medical attention. Which risk factors has Hazel shared that put her at risk for atrial fibrillation? Select all that apply. All are correct. Hazel (preferred pronouns: she, her) is a 75-year-old, obese female who smokes two packs a day and has been having near fainting spells, palpitations, and difficulty catching her breath when doing activities of daily living. Hazel has been on a high
What procedure would a client diagnosed with atrial fibrillation have which creates heat scars to block abnormal electrical signals in the heart? Catheter ablation Which blood components form together to cause thrombi? Select all that apply. Platlets Fibrin Red blood cells ________________ is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and reduces blood flow, whereas a __________ a piece of a clot that breaks off and travels to the lungs. Thrombus Embolus Which conditions are caused by clot formation and blockage of a blood vessel? Select all that apply. Deep vein thrombosis Myocardial infarction Cerebral vascular accident In the following list of individuals, select those that may be at risk or at no risk of developing a blood clot. chart
Fibrinolysis is the process in which clots ______ in the body during the __________ of clotting. Dissolve Healing Drag and drop each blood clot condition to match the corresponding clinical manifestation. chart A D-Dimer diagnostic is used to determine if an individual is having a DVT What risk factors contribute to deep vein thrombosis (DVT)? Select all that apply. All are correct. Dale is a 60-year-old male who travels 75% of his work week, flying around the country. His job is in sales, which keeps him very stressed. He smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, eats poorly, and gets little to no exercise. He drinks a six-pack of soda a day and does not like to drink water. Dale’s lower extremities stay swollen, which is due to sitting on an airplane for long trips. He noticed his right leg was getting red and was painful, but he ignored it with all the travel he did for his job. Recently, Dale has started having shortness of breath just walking from room to room and tells his wife that he feels an unusual amount of anxiety. His wife calls the nurse practitioner who directs them to the emergency room immediately. Based on Dale’s complaints, which condition was Dale experiencing prior to developing shortness of breath?
Dale is a 60-year-old male who travels 75% of his work week, flying around the country. His job is in sales, which keeps him very stressed. He smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, eats poorly, and gets little to no exercise. He drinks a six-pack of soda a day and does not like to drink water. Dale's lower extremities stay swollen, which is due to sitting on an airplane for long trips. He noticed his right leg was getting red and was painful, but he ignored it with all the travel he did for his job. Recently, Dale has started having shortness of breath just walking from room to room and tells his wife that he feels an unusual amount of anxiety. His wife calls the nurse practitioner who directs them to the emergency room immediately. Dale has realized that his health situation requires immediate attention. Which actions can Dale take to reduce his risk of developing this condition in the future? Select all that apply. All are correct. Place the steps in order to align with the process of clot formation (coagulation), starting from the first step. chart The risk of deep vein thrombosis is higher in an individual who is prescribed
Bed rest Based on the location of the clot shown in the image below, select the proper pathophysiologic condition that is being caused. chart Drag and drop the correct pathophysiology that causes the two different types of strokes. Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhage stroke Which pathophysiological condition fits the symptoms below? Myocardial infarction __________ in oxygen leads to myocardial necrosis and since the heart does not undergo ________ the impacted area is left with new ___________ A decrease mitosis scarring Which factor reduces the risk of an individual having a myocardial infarction? Taking a low-dose aspirin Using the dropdown menu, select the correct answer to match the affected area of the heart. chart Which option describes the cause of a myocardial infarction? A clot lodged in the coronary circulation blocks the movement of blood beyond a specific point. For each lifestyle or environmental factor below, select an answer to indicate if it is a risk factor for myocardial infarction, cerebral vascular disease, diabetes, deep vein thrombosis, and/or cancer. Each factor may contribute to more than one condition.
Jack is a 56-year-old man, married, with three children. He is a successful salesperson who just got promoted to director. His boss is very demanding and pushes Jack to deliver beyond his goals. Jack's wife does not work, so Jack is the sole financial provider. His company pays for the family's healthcare coverage. Jack has been under a tremendous amount of stress in the new position, working long hours, eating fast food, and has not been able to fit in any exercise. Jack's father passed away at the age of 60 from a heart attack. Jack has been feeling very anxious, sick to his stomach, and with pain in his chest. Jack dismisses these as just normal signs of stress from his promotion. Jack's wife notices that he appears pale and is very restless in his sleep. Growing more concerned, Jack's wife makes an appointment for Jack to see the cardiologist. Based on Jack's history, select whether each finding is a modifiable or nonmodifiable risk factor for a myocardial infarction. chart Jack is a 56-year-old man, married, with three children. He is a successful salesperson who just got promoted to director. His boss is very demanding and pushes Jack to deliver beyond his goals. Jack's wife does not work, so Jack is the sole financial provider. His company pays for the family's healthcare coverage. Jack has been under a tremendous amount of stress in the new position, working long hours, eating fast food, and has not been able to fit in any exercise. Jack's father passed away at the age of 60 from a heart attack. Jack has been feeling very anxious, sick to his stomach, and with pain in his chest. Jack dismisses these as just normal signs of stress from his promotion. Jack's wife notices that he appears pale and is very restless in his sleep. Growing more concerned, Jack's wife makes an appointment for Jack to see the cardiologist. Jack's complaints of feeling anxious, sick to his stomach, and pain in the chest are classic signs that _________ has built up in the ________________, causing a ____________ that ____________ the oxygen to the ____________ muscles. Plaque
Artery Blockage Decreases Heart Jack is a 56-year-old man, married, with three children. He is a successful salesperson who just got promoted to director. His boss is very demanding and pushes Jack to deliver beyond his goals. Jack's wife does not work, so Jack is the sole financial provider. His company pays for the family's healthcare coverage. Jack has been under a tremendous amount of stress in the new position, working long hours, eating fast food, and has not been able to fit in any exercise. Jack's father passed away at the age of 60 from a heart attack. Jack has been feeling very anxious, sick to his stomach, and with pain in his chest. Jack dismisses these as just normal signs of stress from his promotion. Jack's wife notices that he appears pale and is very restless in his sleep. Growing more concerned, Jack's wife makes an appointment for Jack to see the cardiologist. Jack realizes that his current lifestyle is not sustainable and plans to make some positive changes. Which lifestyle change would benefit Jack the most? Putting a work-life balance schedule together Match the steps of a myocardial infarction with the pictures of the inside of the artery. chart Which pathophysiological condition fits the symptoms below? Myocardial infarction Place the steps of a myocardial infarction in order, from the first step to the last.
