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WGU C168 Critical Thinking and Logic Exam 109
Questions with Verified Answers.
Critical thinking is comprised of 3 interlocking dimensions - CORRECT ANSWER 1- Analyzing 2- Evaluating 3-Improving Egocentrism - CORRECT ANSWER the tendency to view everything in relationship to oneself Sociocentrism - CORRECT ANSWER the assumption that one's own social group is inherently superior to all others First-Order Thinking - CORRECT ANSWER ordinary thinking
- spontaneous and non-reflective -contains insight, prejudice, good and bad reasoning
- indiscriminately combined Second-Order Thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Critical thinking -first-order thinking is consciously realized -is then analyzed, assessed, and reconstructed Intellectual Humility - CORRECT ANSWER opposite is intellectual arrogance
Intellectual Courage - CORRECT ANSWER opposite is intellectual cowardice Intellectual Empathy - CORRECT ANSWER opposite is intellectual self-centeredness Intellectual Integrity - CORRECT ANSWER opposite is intellectual dishonesty intellectual perserverance - CORRECT ANSWER opposite it intellectual laziness Confidence in Reason - CORRECT ANSWER opposite is intellectual distrust of reason intellectual autonomy - CORRECT ANSWER opposite is intellectual conformity 3 functions of the mind - CORRECT ANSWER 1-thinking 2-feeling 3-wanting Universal elements of reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER 1-purposes 2-questions 3-assumptions
3 kids of implications that may be involved in any situations - CORRECT ANSWER possible, probably, necessary 3 types of questions - CORRECT ANSWER 1-questions of facts 2-questions of preference 3-questions of judgement 2 Components in Strategic Thinking - CORRECT ANSWER 1- Identification 2-Intellectual Action Sources of Evidence - CORRECT ANSWER Analogy Intuition Personal Observation Appeal to Authority Case Example Testimonial Survey/Questionnaire Research Study Personal Experience Chronology Quantitative Evidence - CORRECT ANSWER -Quantifies an observation or phenomenon -i.e. expresses it as a number or empirical measure
-derives from quantitative research and deductive analysis Qualitative Evidence - CORRECT ANSWER -describes or recounts an observation or phenomenon -communicates understanding and meaning -result of unstructured or unscientific gathering of information Rival Cause - CORRECT ANSWER plausible alternative explanation for why a certain outcome happened Absolute Number - CORRECT ANSWER the total or aggregate of something expressed as a number without relationship to other numbers Risk Reduction - CORRECT ANSWER a statistical expression that appears most commonly in reports about health risks (relative and absolute) Egocentricity - CORRECT ANSWER AKA rigidity of thought -represents one of the main barriers to effective critical thinking Domination - CORRECT ANSWER using direct power over others to get what they selfishly want Submission - CORRECT ANSWER strategic subservience; caters to those with power or prestige who can advance their goals
Characteristics of an Advanced Thinker - CORRECT ANSWER Understanding Monitoring Employing Developing Embracing Ethical principles common to all humans can be found in _______. - CORRECT ANSWER US Declaration of Human Rights Deep-Learning - CORRECT ANSWER involves developing the tools of critical thinking and applying them to whatever challenges you to encounter now and in the future Shallow-Learning - CORRECT ANSWER doesn't produce lasting knowledge and comprehension Critical Consumer - CORRECT ANSWER asking questions and challenging the status quo in a given field What is not true about the gap between the real and ideal in academic disciplines or field of study, according to Paul and Elder? - CORRECT ANSWER Higher order thinking contributes to the gap what contributes to the gap? - CORRECT ANSWER -Egocentrism
-Sociocentrism -Human Fallibility First-order thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Otherwise known as "ordinary" thinking, this thinking is spontaneous and non- reflective, contains insight, prejudice, good and bad reasoning, and is indiscriminately combined. Second-order thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Otherwise known as "critical" thinking, this is first-order thinking that is consciously realized (i.e., analyzed, assessed, and reconstructed). Weak-sense critical thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Weak-sense critical thinkers:
- Ignore the flaws in their own thinking.
- Often seek to win an argument through intellectual trickery or deceit. Weak-sense critical thinking:
- Lacks key higher-level skills and values of critical thinking.
- Makes no good faith effort to consider alternative viewpoints.
- Lacks fair-mindedness. Weak-sense critical thinkers tend to:
- Employ lower-level rhetorical skills (making unreasonable thinking appear reasonable, and reasonable thinking appear unreasonable).
- Employ emotionalism and intellectual trickery.
often seek to win an argument through intellectual trickery or deceit. Strong-sense critical thinkers strive to be ethical and empathize with others' viewpoints. They will entertain arguments with which they do not agree and change their views when confronted with superior reasoning. Thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Thinking creates meaning. It sorts events in our lives into categories. It finds patterns in the world around us. Thinking informs us what is going on. Feeling - CORRECT ANSWER Feeling monitors the meanings created by thinking. It evaluates the degree to which life's events are either positive or negative, given the meaning we assign to them. This function continually informs us how we should respond emotionally to what is happening in our lives. Wanting - CORRECT ANSWER Wanting allocates energy into action. It does so consistent with how we define what is desirable and possible. Wanting continually tells us what is (or is not) worth seeking or getting. Examples of standards - CORRECT ANSWER Clarity, accuracy, relevance, logic, breadth, precision, significance, fairness, and depth.
Examples of elements - CORRECT ANSWER Purposes, questions, points of view, information, inferences, concepts, implications, and assumptions. Examples of intellectual traits - CORRECT ANSWER Humility, autonomy, integrity, courage, perseverance, reason, empathy, and fair-mindedness. Assumptions - CORRECT ANSWER Reasoning has to begin somewhere. It begins with our assumptions. These encompass everything we take for granted as true in order to figure out something else. Assumptions are always present in any form of reasoning. They lie at the heart of arguments. But people usually don't openly express their core assumptions when they reason. Being able to identify assumptions (others' and our own) is essential to critical thinking. Implications and consequences - CORRECT ANSWER Reasoning delivers us to a position or viewpoint about something. The implications of our reasoning are what extend beyond the position we reach. They form the answer to the question, "What follows from our reasoning?". Suppose we reason to the conclusion that tobacco should be banned by law because tobacco is a grave public health hazard. One implication of our reasoning might be that a ban should also be considered on the sale of high-fat foods, which are implicated in epidemics of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Example: Who is your favorite actor? Questions of judgement - CORRECT ANSWER More than one answer, with some better than others. Example: How can we deal with global warming? Common factor - CORRECT ANSWER In analyzing causation, looking for a single shared factor. Example: Tourists infected with a tropical disease all took the same flight. Single difference - CORRECT ANSWER In analyzing causation, looking for a causal factor that is present in one situation but absent in another, similar, situation. Example: Only those tourists who visited a given village were infected with a tropical disease; those who did not were disease- free. Concomitant variation - CORRECT ANSWER In analyzing causation, looking for a pattern of variation between a possible cause and a possible effect. Example: Medical researchers expose laboratory animals to different strains of a tropical microbe to see which are likely to cause sickness. Process of elimination - CORRECT ANSWER In analyzing causation, successively ruling out non-causal factors until one correct causal factor remains.
Example: To figure out why tourists were sick, blood tests ruled out five different diseases and singled out one tropical microbe that was causing the sickness. Inert information - CORRECT ANSWER Taking into mind information, that, though memorized, we do not understand. Activated ignorance - CORRECT ANSWER Taking into mind, and actively using, information that is false, although we mistakenly think is true. Activated knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER Taking into mind, and actively using information that is true and also, when understood insightfully, leads us by implication to more and more knowledge. Uncritical persons - CORRECT ANSWER Intellectually unskilled thinkers. They have socially conditioned beliefs, personal beliefs often grounded in prejudice, are motivated by irrationality, personal vanity, and intellectual arrogance, are prone to emotional counter- attacks when thinking is questioned, and see themselves as good and opponents as evil. Skilled manipulators - CORRECT ANSWER Weak-sense critical thinkers. They are skilled in manipulation, pursue self-interests, employ manipulation, domination, and demagoguery, and try to keep other points of view from being heard.
Attacking evidence - CORRECT ANSWER This approach focuses on discrediting the underlying evidence for an argument and thereby questioning its validity. Begging the question - CORRECT ANSWER Asserting a conclusion that is assumed in the reasoning. The reason given to support the conclusion restates the conclusion. Denying inconsistencies - CORRECT ANSWER Refusing to admit contradictions or inconsistencies when making an argument or defending a position. Either-or - CORRECT ANSWER Assuming only two alternatives when, in reality, there are more than two. It implies that one of two outcomes is inevitable - either x or y. Evading questions - CORRECT ANSWER Avoiding direct and truthful answers to difficult questions through diversionary tactics, vagueness, or deliberately confusing or complex responses. Faulty analogy - CORRECT ANSWER Drawing an invalid comparison between things for the purpose of either supporting or refuting some position. A faulty analogy suggests that because two things are alike in some respect, they must be alike in other respects. Hard-cruel-world argument - CORRECT ANSWER Justifying illegal or unethical practices by arguing that they are necessary to confront a greater evil or threat.
Hasty generalization - CORRECT ANSWER Inferring a general proposition about something based on too small a sample or unrepresentative sample. Red herring - CORRECT ANSWER Introducing an irrelevant point or topic to divert attention from the issue at hand. It is a tactic for confusing the point under debate. Search for perfect solution - CORRECT ANSWER Asserting that a solution is not worth adopting because it does not fix the problem completely. Slippery slope - CORRECT ANSWER To suggest that a step or action, once taken, will lead inevitably to similar steps or actions with presumably undesirable consequences. The fallacy is invoked to justify not taking a given initial step or action lest it lead us down the "slippery slope". Straw man - CORRECT ANSWER Distorting or exaggerating an opponent's argument so that it might be more easily attacked. Thrown-in statistics - CORRECT ANSWER The use of irrelevant, misleading, or questionable statistics to support an argument or defend a position. Two wrongs make a right - CORRECT ANSWER Defending or justifying our wrong position by pointing to a similar wrong done by someone else.
Mean - CORRECT ANSWER Derived by adding up all values and dividing the sum by the total number of values. Median - CORRECT ANSWER Represents the middle value in a series of values; half the values are above it, and half are below it. Mode - CORRECT ANSWER The value that appears most frequently in a series of values. Egocentric memory - CORRECT ANSWER Remembering only that evidence and information that supports our thinking. Egocentric myopia - CORRECT ANSWER Adopting an overly narrow point of view and thinking in absolutes. Egocentric righteousness - CORRECT ANSWER Felling superior because of possessing the "truth". Egocentric hypocrisy - CORRECT ANSWER Ignoring inconsistencies between belief and behavior and between public and private actions. Egocentric oversimplification - CORRECT ANSWER Ignoring complexity and embracing simplicity that conforms to our existing views, values, and beliefs.
Egocentric blindness - CORRECT ANSWER Not seeing facts and evidence that contradict our thinking. Egocentric immediacy - CORRECT ANSWER Overgeneralizing so that immediate events, whether favorable or unfavorable, influence thinking. Egocentric absurdity - CORRECT ANSWER Failing to recognize thinking that has "absurd" consequences. Characteristics of an Advanced Thinker - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Understanding the role of critical thinking in the quality of life, and the relationship among thoughts, feelings, and desires.
- Monitoring thoughts, feelings, and desires.
- Employing strategies for improving critical thinking, and critiques of progress in improvement.
- Developing new habits of thought and sensitivity to inconsistency and contradictions.
- Embracing intellectual integrity, intellectual empathy, and intellectual courage. Deep learning - CORRECT ANSWER Involves developing the tools of critical thinking and applying them to whatever challenges you encounter now and in the future. The Ideal and Real for disciplines - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Ideal: What the discipline would look like under optimal conditions. Real: What the discipline actually looks like.
