Download WGU C190 BIOLOGY CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 FULL QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
WGU C190 BIOLOGY CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 FULL QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS
โ Biotic. Answer: living things โ Biology. Answer: The study of life โ Biome. Answer: A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms โ Cell. Answer: Basic unit of life โ Community. Answer: All the different populations that live together in an area โ Ecosystem. Answer: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. โ Macromolecule. Answer: A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules-technically polymers
โ Molecule. Answer: A group of atoms bonded together โ Organ. Answer: A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body โ Organ System. Answer: A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions. โ Organism. Answer: Any living thing โ Population. Answer: A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area โ Tissue. Answer: A group of similar cells that perform the same function. โ Scientific Inquiry. Answer: The diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather. โ Atom. Answer: Basic unit of matter โ Covalent bonds. Answer: Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.
โ Adhesion. Answer: An attraction between molecules of different substances. Sticks to others! โ Cohesion. Answer: Attraction between molecules of the same substance. Sticks to itself! โ Hydrophilic. Answer: Attracted to water โ Hydrophobic. Answer: Water fearing โ Surface Tension. Answer: A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid โ Solute. Answer: A substance that is dissolved in a solution. โ Solutions. Answer: A mixture where substances are distributed evenly. Has a solvent & solute. โ Solvent. Answer: A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances โ Amino Acids. Answer: building blocks of proteins and monomers
โ Carbohydrates. Answer: the starches and sugars present in foods. Broken down into simple sugars โ Enzymes. Answer: Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things โ Fats. Answer: lipids that are solid at room temperature โ Glucose. Answer: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. โ Inorganic molecules. Answer: Compounds that do not contain carbon โ Lipids. Answer: Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. โ Monomer. Answer: A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers โ Monosaccharides. Answer: glucose, fructose, galactose โ Oils. Answer: lipids that are liquid at room temperature
โ Waxes. Answer: A type of lipid molecule consisting of one fatty acid linked to an alcohol; functions as a waterproof coating on many biological surfaces such as apples and other fruits. โ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Answer: A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. โ RNA (ribonucleic acid). Answer: single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose โ Nucleic Acid. Answer: macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus โ Nucleotide. Answer: A building block of DNA, consisting of a five- carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. โ Cell membrane. Answer: A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. โ Cell wall. Answer: A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
โ Chloroplast. Answer: An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs โ Cilia. Answer: Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion โ Cytoplasm. Answer: A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended โ Cytoskeleton. Answer: A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell โ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). Answer: A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. โ Eukaryotes. Answer: Cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei โ Flagella. Answer: A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated. โ Golgi apparatus. Answer: A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
โ Active Transport. Answer: Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference โ Endocytosis. Answer: A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. โ Exocytosis. Answer: Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material โ Facilitated Diffusion. Answer: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels โ Homeostasis. Answer: A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level โ Osmosis. Answer: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane โ Simple Diffusion. Answer: movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
โ ATP. Answer: (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work โ Calvin cycle (Light-Dependent Reactions). Answer: two stages of photosynthesis โ Chemical potential energy. Answer: Energy stored in chemical bonds โ Chlorophyll. Answer: Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis โ Light dependent reaction. Answer: reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH โ NADPH. Answer: An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming NADPH, which provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle. โ Phosphorylation. Answer: The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation.
mitochondria. In the Krebs Cycle, each of the two acetyl coenzyme A molecules enter the cycle and combine with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which then loses two carbons as carbon dioxide. The cycle is now ready to begin again with the second Acetyl CoA. For each Acetyl CoA, the Krebs Cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. โ Electron Transport chain. Answer: A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. โ FADH2. Answer: A molecule that stores energy for harvest by the electron transport chain. โ Fermentation. Answer: A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. โ Glycosis. Answer: first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid โ Mitochondrion. Answer: bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA.
โ NADH. Answer: An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP. โ Pyruvate. Answer: Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis โ Cell Cycle. Answer: The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo โ Interphase. Answer: Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases โ G1. Answer: Cell growth โ Synthesis (S). Answer: DNA replication โ G2. Answer: Cell prepares to divide โ Mitosis. Answer: part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
โ Prophase. Answer: first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible โ Metaphase. Answer: second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell โ Anaphase. Answer: Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell โ Telophase. Answer: After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis. โ Sexual Reproduction. Answer: A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents โ Asexual reproduction. Answer: A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. โ Haploid. Answer: An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.
โ Diploid. Answer: (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number โ Meiosis 1: Prophase 1. Answer: Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments Spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes as the nuclear envelope breaks up โ Meiosis 1: Metaphase 1. Answer: The homologous chromosome pairs are aligned midway between spindle poles โ Meiosis 1: Anaphase 1. Answer: Homologous pairs separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell โ Meiosis 1: Telophase 1. Answer: - Duplicated chromosomes have reached the poles.
- A nuclear envelope re-forms around chromosomes in some species.
- Each nucleus has the haploid number of chromosomes. โ Meiosis II. Answer: the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two
โ Allele. Answer: An alternative form of a gene. โ Homozygous. Answer: An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait โ Heterozygous. Answer: An organism that has two different alleles for a trait โ Law of Segregation. Answer: Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete โ Monohybrid cross. Answer: A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait โ Dihybrid cross. Answer: A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene โ Dominant. Answer: Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. โ Recessive. Answer: Describes a trait that is covered over, or dominated, by another form of that trait and seems to disappear.
โ Punnett Square. Answer: A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross โ Incomplete Dominance. Answer: A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits. โ Codominance. Answer: A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive. โ Polygenic. Answer: trait controlled by two or more genes โ Autosomal chromosome. Answer: 22 chromosome pairs that control traits NOT related to gender--same in females and males. โ Sex chromosome. Answer: Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual โ Nondisjunction. Answer: Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
