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WGU -C724 (Information Systems Management) Study Guide
1. Executive information system: A system that facilitates and supports senior managerial decisions.
2. Data: Unorganized data that lacks meaning.
3. Information: Data that has been organized in a meaningful manner.
4. Information system: An integrated network of components working together to convert data into useful information; includes an input, a process, and an output;
comprised of people, processes, machines, and information technology.
5. Knowledge: The practical application of information.
6. Data, Information, and Knowledge example: Data: The number of people below the poverty line in the region is 50,000.
Information: The number of people below the poverty line increases between 2010 and 2018. Knowledge: The number of people below the poverty line has increased due to stagnating wages and cuts to social programs.
7. Decision support system: This system uses models and statistical analysis to help decision makers solve
problems
8. Management information system (MIS): Provides timely and accurate information that enables managers to manage their departments more
eflciently; analyzes performance.
9. Transaction processing system: information system used for processing patient admissions, em- ployee time cards, and purchase orders
10. Information management: The management of organizational processes and systems; helps the organization reduce costs and adds value to
products; helps the organization make better managerial decisions; stores and processes data.
11. Information technology: The use of computer and telecommunications systems for storing, retrieving,
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12. information technology management: the management of hardware, software, data, networks, and people that facilitate access to information
and allow the organization to achieve business objectives.
13. Strategic information system: provide tools used by an organization to accomplish specific tasks to gain competitive advantage.
14. Social Networking and interpersonal skills.: Enhances interpersonal and relationship-forming skills.
15. Porters 5 competitive forces: Intensity competitive rivalry bargaining power of
customers bargaining power of suppliers threat of new entrants threat of substitutes
16. Network economics (network-based strategy): the cost of adding another business partic- ipant to a business venture is small, the
potential gain is great.
17. Business ecosystems: Network of businesses involved in delivering a product through mutual cooperation.
18. Product differentiation (business strategy): offering a higher quality product to differentiate from others in the market
19. growth (business strategy): adding new products or new enhancements to existing products
20. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Involves utilizing computer technology to link various aspects of a business; a very complex resource
planning system that spans the entire business; companies often have difficulty implementing the system.
21. Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Allows for personalized communication to cus-
tomers.
22. Knowledge Management (KM): These systems provide tools to help manage organizational knowl- edge and create value to meet business
requirements and strategic goals.
23. chief executive officer (CEO): also called president or managing director, is responsible for the success or failure of the company, creating the
company culture, selecting the senior management team, setting strategy and vision, and selecting projects to fund.
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38. Organizational features that can change the company direction: Processes, poli- tics, culture, and environment
39. Global Business Strategies that form their organizational and information systems structure: transnational,
multinational, franchisers, domestic exporter
40. Transnational: a commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities, does business in more than one country and does not consider any particular
country its national home.
41. Multinational: an organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country.
42. Database Management System (DBMS): Allows multiple departments to access, analyze, and modify data that is stored in one central
location.
43. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO): Helps establish feasibility.
44. Platform as a Service (PaaS): service provider provides server space, the server, virtualization, oper- ating system, database, and development
environment in a platform that can be used for application development. An example would be Amazon Web Services.
45. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): A service provider provides a cloud fabric, or pooled services, including server space, servers, storage,
and all other aspects of the computing platform, with the exception of the operating system and applications, which the client organization would install and manage.
46. Analytics as a Service (AaaS): A cloud software service
47. Software as a Service (SaaS): Software licensed and hosted on centralized or distributed servers that belong to a service provider. Users access this
software using a connection to the Internet and a web browser.
48. Agile software development methodology: an operational method by which software devel- opers iteratively gather requirements,
plan, design, develop, test, and implement software.
49. Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL): common set of best practices widely used by businesses to give
guidance to companies on how to use IT as a tool for implementing change
50. Pseudocode: an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. Used for human reading, rather than
machine reading, and it can be used to translate into any programming language.
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51. Input: components include devices that provide input into the processing unit. These include peripherals, such
as the keyboard, mouse, microphone (audio input), sensors, and document or visual scanners.
52. Central Processing Unit (CPU): the brain/microprocessor of the computer.
53. Output: Components include internal storage devices or processes, as well as external peripherals such as monitor screens (visual output), speakers
(audio output), and printers (physical output).
54. system bus: connection between the CPU, memory, storage, expansion slots, and other motherboard com- ponents
55. primary storage: flash memory chips, such as shown below, plugged into memory slots on the mother- board.
56. Secondary storage: accessed only through a system's input/output bus and is generally several orders of magnitude slower than primary storage
technologies Removable media, such as magnetic floppy disks, optical discs (CDs & DVDs), and USB flash drives
57. Tertiary storage: consists of an automated robotic mechanism to mount and dismount magnetic tape or optical discs.
58. First and second-generation computer languages: were specific to the computer manu- facturer (1GL) or to a specific processor or
environment (2GL).
59. Third generation computer languages (3GLs): high-level programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, C, Java, C++,
and C#
60. Java: An open-standard software language used for client-server internal applications.
61. COBOL: The first computer language; developed in the 1950s; still used today.
62. Fourth generation computer languages (4GL): software tools that help reduce the amount of procedural knowledge that is needed about
how computers operate and lets end users create programs as needed; SQL is a 4GL.
63. Structured Query Language (SQL): A computing language that is used with relational databases.
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81. Schema: The complete description of the database.
82. Variable: a data type or simply type is a classification of data which tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data; can
become incompatible with data warehouse design.
83. Flat File Database: Stores data in plain text, holding one record; cannot contain multiple tables like a relational database.
84. Online Analytical processing (OLAP): analyze transaction data used for making decisions; multi- dimensional (cubical) data; requires a
lengthy, complex loading and updating phase.
85. Online transaction processing (OLTP): database design used for browsing and manipulating business transaction activity.
Processing of information into the database. Don't perform analyses on these databases because it could attect performance.
86. relational database: type of database in which multiple information files are combined into one database in one location, where data are stored in two-
dimensional tables known as relations and contain multiple entities and attributes
87. Object-Oriented Database: A database that is designed to store mixed media, as opposed to tables
in relational databases.
88. Conceptual Data Model: a map of concepts and their relationships used for databases.
89. Logical Data Model: Provides foundation for designing a database
90. Physical Data Model: a representation of a data design as implemented, or intended to be implemented, in a database management system
91. Pointers: Used to show the relationship between data fields and tables.
92. Referential Integrity: Table relationships must always be consistent; for an entity or object to exist in a table, an equal value must exist in the
referenced table; the primary and foreign keys must be equal.
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93. Types of relationships in a relational database model: One-to-One, One-to-Many, and Many-to-Many
94. Data Manipulation Language: A language that allows users to easily modify the data in a database.
95. Data Warehousing: a system used for reporting and data analysis, and is considered a core component of business intelligence; data is stored in one
place.
96. data mart: smaller subset database from a data warehouse typically focused on a single area or function.
97. Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL): a process in which data is extracted from a computer, transformed (or cleansed) into
a format appropriate for the data warehouse, and then transferred to the data warehouse.
98. Direct Move: Data that does not need to be transformed being transferred to a data warehouse.
99. Data mining: process of identifying hidden patterns and relationships in structured databases and applying rules to that data in order to predict future
behavior.
100. Web Mining: process of identifying hidden patterns and relationships in non-structured databases, such as the Internet, and applying rules to that data in
order to predict future behavior.
101. Text mining: High-quality information is typically derived through the devising of patterns and trends through means such as statistical pattern
learning.
102. Partitioning: Dividing a database into more manageable segments.
103. Master Data: Objects shared across the enterprise; it is key to accurate business reporting and analysis
104. Data Governance: Concerned with the management of data, including maximizing quality through effective utilization, availability, and
protection.
105. Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD): Illustrates the relationships among all of the tables in a database.
106. Database Administrator: Responsible for the creation and management of the entire database management system (DBMS).
107. Data Administrator: Responsible for determining and monitoring employees' access to the company's database management system (DBMS).
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121. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Used to manage and monitor emails that we receive.
122. Packet Switching: a mode of data transmission in which a message is broken into a number of discrete, parsed parts that are sent independently in
encapsulated packets, over whatever route is optimum for each packet, and reassembled at the destination; what is used when accessing the Internet;
123. Circuit Switching: ideal for communications that require data to be transmitted in real-time; a constant
connection is required before transmission begins.
124. Repeaters: Receive and retransmit/amplify data at a higher power to it can go a longer distance.
125. Tangible User Interface: An interface in which a person interacts with digital information through the physical environment
126. Virtual Network: Create peer-to-peer connections between computers.
127. mesh network: network topology in which each node relays data for the network
128. TCP/IP: most common protocol which establishes the connection, and data packet quality transmission. The first two bytes are assigned by the Internet
Service Provider (ISP), and the last two bytes are assigned by the client.
129. Open System Interconnection (OSI): consists of seven layers and is an international standard that governs or guides the development of
data communication protocols the seven layers are: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical.
130. Telecommunications Network: Enables the exchange of information between end users across nodes and links.
131. Star network: Router in middle of each computer connected to the router/hub.
132. ring network: each computer connected to the next computer; cheaper to install; less efficient.
133. network host: node/computer connected with an IP address
134. Convergence: the ability for a telecommunication network to carry voice, data, and video
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135. Sniffing: eavesdropping on network traffic in order to acquire traffic data packets and decoding. The information gathered can be used to hack into a
network; the most common attack, as signals travel through the air
136. Extranet: an intranet that can be partially accessed by authorized outside users, enabling businesses to exchange information over the Internet
securely.
137. ARPANET: an early packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical
foundation of the Internet.
138. Information Repository: Allows businesses to store important information and documents that can be accessed remotely by stakeholders;
sometimes a fee for the service is charged.
139. 1G Networks: The first cellular mobile networks; could only transmit analog signals on radio frequency.
140. 2G Networks: Has a 64 kbps speed
141. 3G Networks: 384 kbps speed
142. 4G Networks: Also called long-term evolution (LTE), these networks otter speeds of 100,000 kpbs in the Ultra High Frequency band; otters voice,
data, and video.
143. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA): A wireless (tunneling) encryption protocol that provides secure data transmission over an insecure network.
144. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2): Provides even stronger security than the original.
145. Radio Frequency Survey: Used to determine wireless access point locations based upon signal strength.
146. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): An automatic electronic exchange of data and documents from one computer system to another through
a standardized messaging format that does not require human intervention.
147. Network Address Translation (NAT): Allows private users to redefine network addresses to assign their own addresses.
148. Spoofing: The creation of Internet Protocol (IP) packets with a false source IP address, for the purpose of hiding the identity of the sender or
impersonating another computing system; elicits a response from the network.
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6. Testing and maintaining the system
7. Implementing and evaluating the system
158. User Requirements Analysis: Determines inputs, outputs, process steps, and data storage needs.
159. waterfall model (SDLC): Where each stage must be completed before moving on to the next stage; slow application development; used when
system requirements are clearly documented and unlikely to change.
160. Spiral Model (SDLC): risk-driven process model generator for software projects. Based on the unique risk patterns of a given project, the spiral
model guides a team to adopt elements of one or more process models, such as incremental, waterfall, or evolutionary prototyping.
161. Fountain Model (SDLC): Like the waterfall model, but this one allows for going back to previous steps.
162. Build and fix model (SDLC): the simplest SDLC model allowing for code to be incrementally modified and implemented until successful.
163. prototyping model (SDLC): requires the development of a scaled prototype that can be tested prior to full-scale development
164. End-user development (SDLC): fourth-generation languages that enable end users to develop systems and solutions with little or no
assistance from professional technical specialists.
165. Agile development (SDLC): encourages adaptive planning and development, fast delivery, continuous improvement, and flexibility in response to
change. (interactive)
166. Rapid application development (RAD): software development focuses on the development's process, with limited emphasis on the
planning process and uses prototypes.
167. critical path method (CPM): step-by-step process planning technique that defines the critical and noncritical tasks within a project in order
to reduce or minimize process delays and time-related problems.
168. Modular Design: a design approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules or skids, that can be independently created and then
used in ditterent systems.
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169. data-flow model: describes how data moves and is processed by the proposed system under develop- ment.
170. system-oriented (system evaluation): which is the ability of an information system to discrimi- nate between files or data that are relevant to a
user query, and those which are not relevant.
171. function-oriented (system evaluation): determine of the success of the information system in examining he performance of data,
hardware, software, networks, and human resources
172. Strategy-Oriented (system evaluation): the determination of whether the information system outputs enable management to execute the
plan.
173. Structured decisions: involve an established procedure, are repetitive and routine, and therefore can be handled in the same manner each time.
Line-level managers and non-management employees typically make... decisions.
174. four phases of the decision-making process: intelligence, design, choice, and implemen-
tation
175. Decision analysis: method of assisting decision makers with making simple choices and using mathe- matical formulas to infer from these
choices whether the decision maker is making the best decision.
176. Scope: Elements of a project that include cost, time, quality, and risk.
177. Risks: the potential for loss, commonly associated with the monetary and non-monetary impact to such a risk, as well as the probability of occurrence.
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190. copyright: egal right given to the creator of an original work allowing the exclusive right for sale and distribution of that work for a period of
time.
191. patent: legal right given to an inventor of a product or process
192. Data normalization: the reorganization of tables, and attributes within a database to reduce duplication is especially important during database
redesign, but also when data is imported or merged.
193. The Three Norms in Normalization: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF
194. Clickstream applications: Track and analyze a customer's internet activity, including how it is used and where they click.
195. Scrum software development methodology: form of agile software development that rec- ognizes that customer needs and wants can
change throughout the project. Unexpected changes and challenges, which cannot be addressed with the traditional waterfall SDLC model, can be quickly addressed
196. work breakdown structure (WBS): broken down list of all deliverables showing what the customer
will get at the end of a project.
197. Unified Modeling Language (UML): A general-purpose modeling language that helps visualize systems through diagrams.
198. change agent: Helps companies transform as well as lead, motivate, and train users to help them adopt to change.
199. Processed-Centered Environments: These environments can specify analysis and design; very resourceful.
200. problem solver: involves converting processes and procedures into system components and troubleshoot- ing errors or delays that may occur.
201. Newsletter: A publication that covers a specific issue.
202. Methods for Increasing User Adoption and Reducing Costs: Benchmarking, usability testing, user communication, internal
user groups, planning, and leveraging existing resources; six in total.
203. Qualitative Risk Analysis: Looking at conditions that can attect the project; looks at the consequences of risk and estimates the impact of those risks
on the organization.
204. Upper CASE Tools: Support software modeling and analysis
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205. Lower CASE Tools: Support development activities, such as design, testing, debugging, and maintenance.
206. Workbench: a unified CASE visual tool for database architects, developers, and database administrators. Microsoft Visual Basic is an example.
207. Environments: A CASE software that combines tools and workbenches to support the entire system development life cycle (SDLC); the
most common CASE tool.
208. Developing Internet Search Strategy: Review information requirements, use proper search techniques, evaluate results, and determine
copyright fees and the accuracy of data.
209. Web 2.0: Websites that emphasize user-generated content, usability (ease of use, even by non-experts), and interoperability (this means that a website can
work well with other products, systems, and devices) for end users; enables collaboration and interaction among users.
210. Structured English: the use of the English language with the syntax of structured programming to communicate the design of a computer program
to non-technical users by breaking it down into logical steps using straightforward English words; uses modular design and data terminology.
211. System-Level Security: Consists of the architecture (layers), policy, and process levels.
212. Classical Management Model: A management practice that focuses on productivity; focuses on more systematic and predictable issues.
213. Behavioral Management Model: A management practice that focuses on the employees' human needs; focuses on less systematic and
predictable issues.
214. Mintzberg's Ten Manager Roles: Figurehead, leader, Liaison, Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesman, Entrepreneur, Disturbance Handler,
Resource Allocator, and Negotiator.
215. Analytics Services: Creates analytical databases.
216. Balanced Scorecard: A performance metric used in strategic management to identify and improve vari- ous internal functions of a business and their
resulting external outcomes; focused on strategy and not implementation; tracks and monitors statt and organizational activities.
217. Decision Support System (DSS): an information system that supports business or organizational
decision-making activities.
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231. Information Systems Managers: They make decisions.
232. Rich Site Summary (RSS): a type of web feed which allows users to access updates to online content in a standardized, computer-readable format.
233. Predictive Analytics: A business intelligence method or algorithm that uses statistics and data mining to forecast models.
234. Government Regulations on Security: Enact and enforce security; manage and retain docu- mentation.
235. Types of Information Systems Controls: General and Application
236. Principle of Least Privilege: Limits access to only authorized users based upon job requirements.
237. Separation of Duties: Ensures that personnel's responsibilities and duties are separated from their access.
238. Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP): Helps a business resume quickly and ettectively after a disaster.
239. Virtual Credit Card: Requires the use two-factor authentication from a bank before permitting the transaction.
240. Fair Information Practices (FIP): Principles that govern the collection and use of information about individuals.
241. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA): A United States copyright law created to prosecute the production and dissemination of
technology, devices, or services that control access to copyrighted works.
242. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999: Enacted procedures to store or transfer financial information; also known as the Financial Services
Modernization Act
243. Pharming: Used to steal personal information by redirecting users to official-looking websites.
244. Phishing: Used to steal personal information by sending the user an official-looking email.
245. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX): Requires organizations to adhere to rules to ensure the accuracy, integrity, and security of financial
information that leads to the creation and storage of financial statements.
246. Evil Twin: a fraudulent Wi-Fi access point that appears to be legitimate
247. Data in Use: Data that is in the process of being created, updated, destroyed, or changed.
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248. Data in Motion: Data is in the RAM.
249. Data at rest.: Data that is stored.
250. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): Proposed set of regulations adopted by the European Union to protect Internet
users from clandestine tracking and unauthorized personal data usage.
251. E-Commerce: transactions conducted electronically on the Internet.
252. Omnichannel Model: Where physical retail storefronts now become hybrid warehouses, whereby allowing for the reduction of inventory,
leaner operations, and faster reactions to change in demand.
253. Malware: Software that is intended to damage a computer or computer system.
254. Freemium: a pricing strategy by which a product or service (typically a digital ottering or an application such as software, media, games or web
services) is provided free of charge, but money (premium) is charged for additional features, services, or virtual goods.
255. e-Tailer: a retailer selling goods via electronic transactions on the Internet.
256. Private Industrial Network: A single organization that controls the construction and maintenance of relationships for a relatively small number of
other organizations.
257. Web Sales: A business strategy that relies heavily on efficient and secure software implementation.
258. Mainframe Computer: A powerful computer that can perform quick processing.
259. Development methodologies that allow for the reuse of objects: Compo- nent-based development and object-
oriented development
260. Post Office Protocol (POP): A telecommunication protocol that is used to retrieve email from a mail server.
261. Media Access Control (MAC): given to a network adapter when it is manufactured. It is hardwired or hard-coded onto your computer's network
interface card (NIC) and is unique to it; an access point can be configured to allow only this specific address.
