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WGU D511 Task 1 |Passed on First Attempt |Latest
Update with Complete Solution.
foot leans outward (laterally) - ANSWERSupination of FOOT: foot leans inward (medially) - ANSWERPronation of FOOT: transverse/axial plane - ANSWERdivides the body into superior and inferior sections 3 weeks - ANSWERWhen does neural development begin in embryo? day 1- zygote (2N) forms day 4- cleavage produces morula day 5- fluid-filled cavity forms, producing a blastula day 6- blastula splits into embryoblast (inner cell mass) and trophoblast (outer); implantation begins - ANSWERDescribe week 1 of early embryogenesis: gastrulation: 1 layer embryoblast flattens into bilaminar (2 layered) disc and then into a trilaminar gastrula, establishing the ventral-dorsal axis - ANSWERDescribe week 2 of early embryogenesis:
- primitive streak forms, establishing cranial-caudal axis with the primitive node at the cranial end
- epiblast cells divide and migrate to form germ layers
- lateral folding turns flat trilaminar disc into 2 tubes (somatic and visceral)
- neurulation folds and divides the ectoderm into 3 parts - ANSWERDescribe week 3 of early embryogenesis: epiblast (dorsal layer) - ANSWERectoderm replaces the ______ during week 3 of embryogenesis mesoderm - ANSWERmiddle germ that migrates ventrally between epi- and hypo-blast hypoblast (ventral layer) - ANSWERendoderm replaces the ______ during week 3 of embryogenesis surface ectoderm, neural tube, and neural crest cells - ANSWERWhat 3 parts does the ectoderm fold and divide into during neurulation (week 3)?
- integumentary tissues- epidermis, nails, hair, and surface exocrine glands
- oral cavity tissues- oral epithelium, enamel, salivary glands
- special sensory tissues- nasal epithelium, olfactory neurons, lens, cornea, conjuctiva, lacrimal gland
- endocrine tissues- anterior pituitary - ANSWERWhat does the surface ectoderm give rise to?
- CNS- brain, spinal cord, posterior pituitary
- PNS- motor and sensory axons - ANSWERWhat does the neural tube give rise to?
visceral (SVE) - ANSWERbranchial arches are considered ______ contains keratinocytes and melanocytes; avascular - ANSWERdescribe the epidermis: contains accessory/support structures of skin, hair, glands, neurovasculature - ANSWERdescribe the dermis: contains connective tissue and fat to connect skin to underlying structures - ANSWERdescribe the subcutis (superficial fascia): ectoderm and mesoderm - ANSWERWhat germ layer(s) from the skin? epidermis, glands, hair - ANSWERWhat skin structures develop from the surface ectoderm? melanocytes - ANSWERWhat skin structure develops from neural crest cells? hypaxial dermis, arrector pili muscles - ANSWERWhat skin structures develop from the somatic LPM? epaxial dermis - ANSWERWhat skin structures develop from the somite dermatomes? varicella zoster virus - ANSWERvirus that causes Herpes zoster (Shingles)
external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis - ANSWERexamples of elastic cartilage in body intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus - ANSWERexamples of fibrocartilage in body costal cartilage, nose cartilage, articular cartilage of joints, trachea, larynx - ANSWERexamples of hyaline cartilage in body sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis - ANSWERtypes of fibrous joints: synchondrosis (primary joint), symphysis (secondary joint) - ANSWERtypes of cartilaginous joints: hyaline - ANSWERsynchondrosis joints connect two bones together via ______ cartilage fibrocartilage - ANSWERsymphysis joints connect two bones together via thick _______ pads hyaline - ANSWERthe articular surface of synovial joints are covered by ______ cartilage hinge + plane joints (synovial) - ANSWERTMJ= pivot (synovial) - ANSWERatlanto-axial joint (C1/C2) and radioulnar joint at the elbow are examples of _____ joints
- visceral sensory (GVA)
- somatic sensory (GSA)
- special sensory - > olfaction/taste (SVA) & vision, hearing, and balance (SSA) - ANSWERSensory division: CN I (olfactory), II (optic), and VIII (vestibulocochlear) - ANSWERWhich cranial nerves carry special sensory (SSA and SVA)?
- branchial motor (SVE)
- somatic motor (GSE)
- visceral motor (GVE) - > parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system - ANSWERMotor division: CN III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), VI (abducens), XI (accessory), XII (hyoglossal) - ANSWERGSE cranial nerves = CN V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XIc - ANSWERSVE (branchiomotor) cranial nerves = GVE - ANSWERautonomic nervous system innervation cell bodies in CNS CNS - > ganglion - ANSWERANS pre-synaptic neuron: cell bodies in ganglion ganglion - > effector organ - ANSWERANS post-synaptic neuron:
thoracolumbar (T1-L2) - ANSWERSite of origin of the sympathetic division craniosacral system (CN III, VII, IX, X, & S2-S4) - ANSWERsite of origin of the parasympathetic division epineurium around spinal nerves - ANSWERdura mater of the spinal cord is continuous with... surface of spinal cord - ANSWERWhat is pia mater inseparable from? conus medularis - ANSWERend of spinal cord at L1/L L3/L4 - ANSWERlocation of a spinal tap 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 (fused) sacral, 1 coccygeal - ANSWERnumber of each vertebrae 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 (fused) sacral, 1 coccygeal - ANSWERnumber of spinal nerves in each segment sensory (GSA/GVA) - ANSWERcell bodies in the dorsal horn of spinal cord = motor (GSE) - ANSWERcell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord = autonomic (GVE) - ANSWERcell bodies in lateral horn of spinal cord =
carina - ANSWERpoint at which the trachea splits into the right and left primary bronchi; at approximate level of sternal angle diaphragm - ANSWERmuscle responsible for inspiration during quiet breathing elastic recoil of alveoli - ANSWER______ is responsible for expiration during quiet breathing diaphragm and intercostal muscles - ANSWERprimary muscles of respiration phrenic (C3-C5) nerve - ANSWERinnervation of diaphragm intercostal (T1-T11) nerves - ANSWERinnervation of intercostals caval opening - ANSWERopening of diaphragm at T8 level for inferior vena cava esophageal hiatus - ANSWERopening of diaphragm at T10 level for esophagus and vagus n. aortic hiatus - ANSWERopening of diaphragm at T12 level for descending aorta inspiration - ANSWERexternal intercostals assist diaphragm during quiet and forced ______
expiration - ANSWERinternal intercostals assist during quiet and forced
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, seratus muscles, abdominal (epaxial) muscles
- ANSWERsecondary muscles of respiration = arteries- high pressure, thick walls veins- low pressure, thin walls, valves - ANSWERarteries vs. veins tracheal, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, vagus, phrenic n, thoracic duct - ANSWERstructures in superior mediastinum: fat and connective tissue - ANSWERstructures in anterior mediastinum: pericardial sac, heart, phrenic n, roots of great vessels - ANSWERstructures in middle mediastinum: descending aorta, primary bronchi, esophagus, vagus n, azygous veins, thoracic duct, posterior mediastinal lymph nodes - ANSWERstructures in posterior mediastinum: tunica adventitia - ANSWERfibrous pericardium is continuous with _______ of great vessels phrenic (GVA) - ANSWER______ nerves are embedded in pericardium
right coronary artery - ANSWERsupplies the right ventricle and SA node left anterior descending artery (branch of left coronary artery) - ANSWERsupplies the left ventricle coronary sinus - ANSWERreturns venous blood to right atrium SA node - ANSWERpacemaker of heart AV node - ANSWERcontrols blood ejection from heart
- angioplasty & catheterization (with/without stents)
- coronary artery bypass grafting - ANSWERtreatments for coronary occlusion: when GVA and GSA neurons synapse at the same level - ANSWERWhen does referred pain occur? trachea, esophagus, apices of lungs - ANSWERGI/Respiratory structures that pass through the STA: subclavian aa./vv., common carotid aa., internal jugular vv. - ANSWERcardiovascular structures that pass through the STA: vagus, recurrent laryngeal, phrenic, brachial plexus (passes over), sympathetic trunks - ANSWERnerves that pass through the STA:
centrilobar emphysema and pancoast tumors - ANSWERthe apices of the lungs can be affected by... subclavian - > axillary a. at first rib - > brachial a. at teres major - ANSWERexplain progression of subclavian artery internal thoracic a., vertebral a., thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk - ANSWERbranches of the subclavian artery inferior thyroid a., ascending cervical a., suprascapular a., transverse cervical a. - ANSWERbranches of the thyrocervical trunk deep cervical a., superior intercostal a. - ANSWERbranches of the costocervical trunk GVE and GVA to thorax and abdomen SVE for swallowing and speech SVA for taste on epiglottis - ANSWERinnervation of the Vagus n. SVE to larynx (speech) - ANSWERinnervation of Recurrent laryngeal n. GSE to diaphragm and GVA to pericardial sac - ANSWERinnervation of Phrenic n. (C3-C5) GSE and GSA to upper extremity and pectoral girdle - ANSWERinnervation of Brachial plexus (C5-T1)
bone marrow, thymus - ANSWERprimary lymphoid organs lymph nodes, lymphoid nodules in GI tract, spleen, tonsils - ANSWERsecondary lymphoid organs
- lymph vessels collect ECF in capillary beds
- lymph to nodes via afferent vessels
- lymph filtered in nodes
- lymph to venous system via efferent vessels
- lymph returned to circulatory system at subclavian veins - ANSWERdescribe pathway of lymph in lymphatic system:
- right lymphatic ducts - > right subclavian v
- left jugular trunk - > left thoracic duct
- thoracic duct - > junction of L. subclavian v and L. internal jugular v - ANSWERlymph drainage thoracic duct - ANSWERdrains left side of head, neck, thorax, left upper limb, and all of abdomen and lower limbs into left subclavian vein lymphatic duct - ANSWERdrains RIGHT side of head, neck, thorax, and right upper limb into right subclavian v cisterna chyli - ANSWERdilation at inferior end of thoracic duct that receives lymph from abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs
deep cervical lymph nodes - ANSWERdrain lymph from head and neck, either directly or indirectly; found along internal jugular vein, inside carotid sheath face, oral cavity, anterior neck - ANSWERsuperior DCLN drain... posterior scalp and neck - ANSWERposterior DCLN drain... efferent vessels of superior and inferior DCLN - ANSWERjugular trunk = sentinel nodes - ANSWERinitial lymph nodes to which the primary tumor drains => first node biopsied to determine tumor stage Signal Nodes/Virchow Nodes - ANSWERnodes surrounding thoracic duct that indicate metastasis of abdominal cancer brain, bone, lung, liver - ANSWERcommon sites where cancer cells metastasize to white ramus communications - ANSWERcontains the axons of PRE-ganglionic sympathetic neurons headed towards the SYMPATHETIC CHAIN grey ramus communications - ANSWERcontains the axons of POST-ganglionic sympathetic neurons headed towards their TARGET ORGANS cervical sympathetic chain - ANSWERsympathetic neurons that ascend through sympathetic chain to reach the head and neck
- splenius capitis
- scalenes
- inf. belly of omohyoid - ANSWERMuscle content of POSTERIOR triangle:
- occipital triangle
- subclavian triangle (supraclavicular) - ANSWERDivisions of the POSTERIOR triangle:
- spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
- roots of brachial plexus
- suprascapular n
- cutaneous branches of cervical plexus
- phrenic n - ANSWERNerve contents of POSTERIOR triangle:
- external jugular
- subclavian a/v
- transverse cervical a
- suprascapular a - ANSWERVessels in POSTERIOR triangle: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) - ANSWERinnervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid Erb's point - ANSWERcutaneous branches (GSA) from cervical plexus (C1-C4) converging at one point
- supraclavicular n
- great auricular n
- lesser occipital n
- transverse cervical n - ANSWERcutaneous branches of the cervical plexus that form Erb's point in the posterior triangle posterior- sternocleidomastoid anterior- midline of neck superior- inferior border of mandible - ANSWERborders of ANTERIOR triangle:
- submental
- submandibular
- carotid
- muscular - ANSWERdivisions of the ANTERIOR triangle:
- suprahyoid muscles (mylohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid)
- infrahyoid muscles (omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid) - ANSWERMuscles of the ANTERIOR triangle:
