Download WGU Patho D236 Study Guide Questions and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
1 / 22
WGU Patho D236 Study Guide Questions
1. Turner syndrome: A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the
person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.
2. Tay-Sachs Disease: A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme leads to the
accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.
3. Down syndrome: A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders
caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
4. Diabetes Insipidus: Antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its ettect. The *serum sodium
is often elevated* due to excess free water losses. In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't properly concentrate urine.
5. Cardiac Valve Disease Process: In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in your heart doesn't work properly.
Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve). When the valve(s) do not close completely, it causes blood to flow backward through the valve. This reduces forward blood flow and can lead to volume overload in the heart. Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve). When the valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, it limits the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. The heart is forced to pump blood with increased force to move blood through the narrowed or stitt (stenotic) valve(s).
6. Cardiac Valve Complications: Heart valve disease can cause many complications, including:
*Heart failure.
2 / 22
*Stroke.
*Blood clots.
*Heart rhythm abnormalities.
*Death.
7. Respiratory Illness from bats: Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals or insects. The
viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in a variety of animal and insect hosts. Most commonly, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, or bats. Some viral hemorrhagic fevers can also be spread from person to person.
8. Anemia: Ditterent types of anemia include:
Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency Anemia due to folate (folic acid) deficiency Anemia due to iron deficiency Anemia of chronic disease Hemolytic anemia Idiopathic aplastic anemia Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia
9. Acid Base Balance - lung and kidney compensation: The kidneys have two main ways to
maintain acid-base balance - their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine.
4 / 22 #Pain with bowel movements or urination. You're most likely to experience these symptoms during a menstrual period. #Excessive bleeding. You may experience occasional heavy menstrual periods or bleeding between periods (intermen- strual bleeding). #Infertility. Sometimes, endometriosis is first diagnosed in those seeking treatment for infertility. #Fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating or nausea, especially during menstrual periods.
18. Ulcerative colitis: Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease of the large intestine, specifically the *colon and
rectum*. It attects the mucosal layer of the large intestine.
19. #Aortic stenosis/regurgitation
#Mitral stenosis/regurgitation: Mitral valve stenosis occurs when the mitral valve in the heart narrows, restricting blood flow into the main pumping chamber. The mitral valve may also leak, causing blood to flow back through the valve each time the left ventricle contracts. This condition is called mitral valve regurgitation. Backflow of blood is caused by failure of the heart's mitral valve to close tightly. Mitral valve regurgitation is a condition in which the heart's mitral valve does not close tightly, which allows blood to flow backward in the heart.
20. How could the provider distinguish ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease?: *Ul-
cerative colitis only attects the large intestine*, while Crohn's disease can attect the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. While diarrhea can occur in both, ulcerative colitis is more likely to present with blood in the stool. A colonoscopy will show pseudopolyps for ulcerative colitis but will show a cobblestone appearance for Crohn's disease.
5 / 22
21. Pancreatitis: Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes.
Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic disorder. With acute pancreatitis, there is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation. With chronic pancreatitis, the gland undergoes repeated episodes of inflammation and gradual deterioration. Acute pancreatitis can be caused by #Gallstones #Excessive alcohol consumption #High blood triglycerides #Abdominal injury, #Certain medications and toxins.
22. Peritonsillar abscess: A complication of tonsillitis in which the infection spreads behind the tonsils.
A peritonsillar abscess occurs when a collection of pus forms and infection spreads beyond the tonsils into the neck and chest. Swollen tissues can block the airway. Symptoms include fever, difficulty swallowing, and severe throat pain. Antibiotics can treat an early infection. Sometimes a collection of pus needs to be drained by a procedure called incision and drainage.
23. Ulcers: The constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the gastrointestinal cells, also termed peptic ulcer. The
constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the gastrointestinal cells, also termed peptic ulcer. Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that forms in the upper small intestine. The most common symptom of a duodenal ulcer is a pain in the mid to upper stomach region, especially if this pain intensifies when the stomach is empty or if the pain wakes you up in the
7 / 22 *VI Abducens - Motor - EOMs *VII Facial - Mixed (motor and sensory)- Facial expressions and taste over anterior two-thirds of tongue *VIII Auditory or Vestibulocochlear -Sensory- Hearing and equilibrium *IX Glossopharyngeal - Mixed (motor and sensory) -Elevation of pharynx in swallowing, taste over posterior one-third of tongue, and salivation *X Vagus - Mixed (motor and sensory) - Gag reflex and parasympathetic control of body
- XI Accessory - Motor - Turn the head and shrug *XII Hypoglossal - Motor - Tongue movement
25. Multi factorial diseases: The majority of diseases are the result of multifactorial genetic influences. Diseases such as
hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and most cancers are caused by a combination of genetics and environment or a combination of several defective genes working, or not working, together. In these diseases, an individual inherits one or more gene defects that predispose them to a disorder, and then environmental or behavioral triggers such as diet, exposure to toxins, or sedentary lifestyle contribute to disease development. For example, multifactorial inheritance factors are involved in the development of type 1 and type 2 DM:
26. Fluid and Electrolytes: Imbalances of the body's biological, and chemical constituents, such as elec- trolytes, can
cause cell injury. For example, high sodium levels in the bloodstream, termed hypernatremia, cause intracellular fluid depletion (cellular dehydration) and reversible cell shrinkage. The symptoms associated with this include
8 / 22 #Lethargy #Weakness #Irritability #Confusion
27. Fractures: Osteoporosis results in a loss of bone mass. A change in bone mineralization is characteristic of
osteomalacia and rickets rather than osteoporosis. The decrease in bone density makes bones more fragile and susceptible to fracture. Ida's osteoclasts are breaking down more bone than osteoblasts are rebuilding. This results in bone loss.
28. Turner Syndrome - characteristics: Patients with suspected Turner syndrome require genetic testing and
hormone level evaluation. Echocardiogram, bone density, and bone age testing are necessary. Treatment involves estrogen therapy and growth hormone administration. The patient should be treated symptomatically for all other ettects of the disease. #Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile) #Short stature (~ 4'7") #Webbing of the neck #Edema #Underdeveloped breasts; wide nipples #High number of aborted fetuses
29. Lymphedema: This is the swelling or accumulation of the fluid due to a blockage in the lymphatic system
caused by scar tissues from damaged lymph vessels or lymph nodes. It is often seen in patients who had their lymph nodes removed and had surgery or radiation to remove cancer.
10 / 22 As a consequence, mitral regurgitation often causes backup of blood and hydrostatic pressure into the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary capillaries, causing pulmonary edema.
35. Mitral stenosis: In mitral stenosis, blood from the left atrium meets resistance when flowing through the
narrowed mitral valve into the left ventricle. Mitral stenosis is the narrowing of the mitral valve, which controls blood flow from the heart's left atrium to the left ventricle. The left ventricle is your heart's main pumping chamber. In mitral stenosis, blood from the left atrium meets resistance when flowing through the narrowed mitral valve into the left ventricle.The main cause of mitral valve stenosis is an infection called rheumatic fever, which is related to strep infections. Blood thinners (anticoagulants) to help prevent blood clots. Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digitalis glycosides to slow your heart rate and allow your heart to fill more ettectively. Anti-arrhythmics to treat atrial fibrillation or other irregular heart rhythms associated with mitral valve stenosis.
36. Aortic regurgitation: Aortic valve regurgitation — or aortic regurgitation — is a condition that occurs
when your heart's aortic valve doesn't close tightly. As a result, some of the blood pumped out of your heart's main pumping chamber (left ventricle) leaks backward.
37. Aortic stenosis: Aortic stenosis is one of the most common and serious valve disease problems. Aortic
stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening. Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and may also attect the pressure in the left atrium.
38. Which type of valve defect leads to a diastolic murmur?: Diastolic murmurs are due to
a narrowing (stenosis) of the mitral or tricuspid valves, or regurgitation of the aortic or pulmonary valves.
39. Which type of valve defect leads to a systolic murmur?: Systolic regurgitant murmurs include
the many variations of mitral valve regurgitation, tricuspid valve regurgitation, and ventricular septal defect.
40. Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkins Lymphoma: #Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck,
#Armpits, or groin.
11 / 22 #Persistent fatigue. #Fever. #Night sweats. #Losing weight without trying. #Severe itching. #Pain in lymph nodes after drinking alcohol.
41. Electrolyte imbalance causing palpitations, diarrhea, muscle weakness: *Low
Potassium (Hypokalemia)*
42. T4 cell - disease related to destruction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
43. Being able to identify degree of burn, and add other s/s to that degree burn:
First-degree burns attect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness, and swelling. Second-degree burns attect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. Third-degree burns attect the deep layers of skin.
44. Herbeden and Bouchard Nodes: Osteoarthritis.
45. Identify Upper vs Lower Respiratory infections: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). These
infections attect the nose, throat, and sinuses. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). These infections occur in the airways and the lungs.
46. Upper respiratory tract infections.: # Common cold.
Epiglottitis.
Laryngitis.
Pharyngitis (sore throat).
Sinusitis (sinus infection).
13 / 22 Hypoventilation may be secondary to several mechanisms, including # Central respiratory drive depression,
Neuromuscular disorders,
Chest wall abnormalities, # Obesity hypoventilation
COPD.
52. Heart vegetations: Abnormal growths (vegetations) that contain collections of bacteria may form in the heart at
the site of the infection and damage the heart valves, which can cause them to leak. Endocarditis is a life-threatening inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves (endocardium).
53. Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis, the lungs are damaged.: Silicosis
54. Conditions under COPD umbrella: These are three conditions that fall under the umbrella of COPD
#Emphysema #Chronic bronchitis, #Refractory (non-reverse) asthma
55. RLQ pain causes: #Chrons
disease #Appendicitis
56. Peptic Ulcers: Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion
of your small intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is stomach pain. Upper abdominal pain is a common symptom.
14 / 22 Treatment consists of antacids
57. Cirrhosis: The most common causes of cirrhosis of the liver are
#Hepatitis C virus - HCV #Alcoholic liver disease #Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - NAFLD.
58. Cystitis (UTI): Lower urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common urological disorder. Approximately 6 million visits
to primary care clinicians each year are for UTI. Lower UTI, also referred to as cystitis. A bladder infection may cause # Pelvic pain
Increased urge to urinate,
Pain with urination
Blood in the urine.
A kidney infection may cause
Back pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Fever.
59. ESRD symptoms: These include
Fatigue
Drowsiness
Decrease in urination or inability to urinate, # Dry
16 / 22
62. Goiter / iodine relationship: Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter. The body needs
iodine to produce thyroid hormone. Insuflcient iodine in the diet causes the thyroid gets larger to try and capture all the iodine it can, so it can make the right amount of thyroid hormone.
63. Cryoblation use.: A procedure in which an extremely cold liquid or an instrument called a cryoprobe is used
to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue. Cryoablation is sometimes used as a primary treatment for:
Bone cancer.
Cervical cancer.
Eye cancer.
64. HE4 biomarker: Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a protein that is produced by most, but not all,
epithelial ovarian cancer cells. This makes the test useful as a tumor marker in specific circumstances. The HE4 test measures the amount of human epididymis protein 4 in the blood.
65. Ischemic vs Hemorrhagic Stroke: · Acute elevations in BP can cause the rupture of cerebral blood vessels or
hemorrhagic stroke.
·Although hemorrhagic stroke accounts for about 10% of all strokes, the mortality is very high.
·Also, because HTN accelerates the formation of atherosclerosis, there is an increased risk of plaque formation in the cerebral arteries, which
leads to thrombotic or embolic obstruction within the brain. This can be manifested by a TIA or ischemic stroke.
17 / 22
·Antiplatelet agents, heparin, and warfarin can be used to prevent ischemic stroke.
·Atrial Fibrillation can cause thrombus formation and embolism to the brain. It is a frequent cause of ischemic stroke.
·Ischemic stroke occurs in up to 40% of patients.
·An ischemic stroke is caused by a thrombus or embolus that lodges in a cerebral artery and blocks blood flow to the brain tissue.
Ischemia of brain tissue leads to cerebral infarction, which is the death of brain cells.
·A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by rupture and hemorrhage of a cerebral artery, leading to compression and toxicity
of brain cells and loss of cerebral blood flow. Approximately 85% of strokes are due to ischemia, whereas 15% are hemorrhagic strokes (see Fig. 33-7).
·Ischemic strokes result from an obstruction in cerebral blood flow by a thrombus or embolus.
·A clot or thrombus that causes ischemic stroke commonly arises from one of three mechanisms: arteriosclerosis of a cerebral artery,
atrial fibrillation.
·Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a cerebral artery ruptures and can no longer bring blood to the brain tissue.
·The use of oral contraceptives , sickle cell disease, Carotid arteriosclerosis, is a risk factor, specifically for ischemic stroke.
·The major predisposing factor of hemorrhagic stroke is hypertension.
66. Signs and symptoms of cerebral contusion: The signs and symptoms of a contusion include severe
headache, dizziness, vomiting, increased size of one pupil, and sudden weakness in an arm or leg. The person may seem restless, agitated, or irritable. Often, the person has memory loss. These symptoms can last for several hours to several weeks, depending on the severity of the injury. As the brain tissue swells, the person may feel increasingly drowsy or confused. Vital signs may show decreased heart rate and decreased respirations and hypertension, which are signs of pressure on the brainstem.
19 / 22 Sprains most commonly occur around joints. The most common location for a sprain is in the ankle.
71. Strain: A strain is an overstretching of tendons and muscle. Strains often occur in the lower back and in the hamstring
muscle and result from overuse of muscles, improper use of the muscles, or as the result of injury in another part of the body when the body compensates for pain by altering the way it moves. Pain, weakness, limited range of motion, and muscle spasms are common symptoms experienced after a strain occurs.
72. Bursitis: Bursa are fluid-filled, saclike structures between skin and bone or between tendons, ligaments, and bone. They
act as cushions to lubricate and decrease friction between bone, ligaments, and tendons. Bursitis occurs when the synovial lining produces excessive fluid, leading to localized swelling and pain. Bursitis can also be caused by autoimmune disorders, gout or pseudogout, infection, traumatic events, and hemor- rhagic disorders. Systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, pancreatitis, Whipple disease, oxalosis, uremia, hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropa- thy, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome have also been associated with bursitis.
73. Marfan's Syndromes genetic trait type: Marfan syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant
trait, meaning that only one abnormal copy of the Marfan gene inherited from one parent is sufficient to have the condition. Defects or deletions (pathogenic variants) of the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene have been shown to cause Marfan syndrome.
74. Is Mono upper or lower airway: Upper respiratory tract infection
75. Testicular torsion: In childhood, torsion of the testes is a common disorder. Testicular torsion is seen most
frequently in the 12- to 18-year-old age group, but it can occur at any age, including newborns. Testicular torsion, the twisting of the testis or spermatic cord, places the testis at risk of vascular compromise and is a surgical emergency.
20 / 22 Testicular torsion is predominantly unilateral (98% of torsion cases) and primarily attects neonates and adolescents in a bimodal distribution.
76. Neuro condition causing flat emotions, sleep disturbances: #Alzheimer's
#Schizophrenia #Parkinson's disease
77. UTI, blood in urine - any bladder cancer correlation: Unfortunately, the most common symptom
of bladder cancer—blood in the urine—is also a common symptom of a UTI. Other UTI symptoms include irritation or pain when urinating or a frequent and urgent need to urinate and can also be symptoms of bladder cancer.
78. Spinabifida: Not having enough folic acid during pregnancy is one of the most important factors that can
increase the chances of having a child with spina bifida.
79. Riluzole (Rilutek) used for what: Riluzole is used to treat *amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's
disease)*. Riluzole is in a class of medications called benzothiazoles. It works by changing the activity of certain natural substances in the body that attect nerves and muscles.
80. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — also called prostate gland enlarge- ment:
Transurethral ultrasound
81. Why are some infections harder on children while other infections are harder on the
elderly?: Older adult patients do not have as many naïve T cells compared to younger patients.
82. What are some of the consequences of alcohol exposure in pregnancy?: Expo- sure to
alcohol during development decreases brain volume. Drinking alcohol of any kind during pregnancy can cause premature labor, miscarriage, stillbirth, and a range of developmental, physical, mental, and emotional disabilities and disorders in the baby, collectively referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).
