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Wireless rF Module
using PIC Controller
An RF module is A smAll electRonic ciRcuit used to tRAnsmit, Receive, oR tRAnsceive
RAdio wAves on one oF A numbeR oF cARRieR FRequencies. RF modules ARe widely used
in consumeR ApplicAtions such As gARAge dooR openeRs, wiReless AlARm systems, indus-
tRiAl Remote contRols, smARt sensoR ApplicAtions, weAtheR monitoRing system, RFid,
wiReless mouse technology And wiReless home AutomAtion systems. they ARe oFten
used insteAd oF inFRARed Remote contRols As they hAve the AdvAntAge oF not RequiR-
ing line-oF-sight opeRAtion.
pRoJect b y Abhi s hARmA
PIC16F72/73 Microcontroller
Six Weeks Summer Training Report
The Radio Frequency Module is basically a PIC Microcontroller Based Wireless Communication System. Wireless RF Module Technology enables a vast edge to any electronics project & provide many consistent advantages, which leads it to today’s up-to-date technology. An RF module is a small electronic circuit used to transmit, receive, or transceive a radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF modules are widely used in consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications and wireless home automation systems. They are often used instead of infrared remote controls as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation. Radio Frequency involves two sub units Named, Transmitter & Receiver. As their name implies transmitter is used to transmit or to send the data from input & it convert into serial port data by using HT12E encoder. This encoded data get re- ceived by receiver placing far away from it. The first job that a receiver do after receiving it, Is to convert or decode the data into parallel ports by using HT12D de- coder. After converting the data into parallel form we simply connect the receiver side circuit with relay so that we can operate AC devices (e.g. Bulb, Tube, Fan etc.) with RF Module. And, About The Matter Technology that I have used is PIC16F73. The Technology of Any Project is Considered as The Heart as well as The Mind To It. The Biggest Concern To Any Student Or Trainee Remains That The Technology He’s Going Learn Must Be Up-to-Date and Must to be In Industry’s Interest. So, That’s Why I’ve Chosen PIC Series Of Microcontrollers. They are Cost Effective, Provide Wide Availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. The very first thing that concern to any electronics engineering student before choosing the project is it’s Applications. That means How much innovative the proj- ect is? And How We can make it more innovative & also make it up-to-date so that it can extend to the bigger Applications of this age of Smart & Vast life.? And, Also It’s Applications must be cost effective so that everyone can use it without any economical hesitation. There are numerous applications of wireless RF module. As, Today’s one of the vast & leading technology Named RFID is based on this principle of RF module. The wireless mouse also work on the same principle. And, beyond them Industrial Automation, Custom Wireless Remote Controls like wireless x-ray systems & Long-Range Wireless Switch System (Hand-Held), Machine To Machine (M2M) RF Wireless Networking, Robot Control , Weather Monitoring System & Identifying Objects Using RF Transmitters And Receivers and Retrieving Data Using GSM etc. could be considered as It’s Future prospects to work on. This is Indeed a great Project to work on.!
ABSTrACT
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list Of Tables & Figures used
Tables
Page No.
Fig: 6.6.2 Feature Table Of PIC16F
Fig: 9.3 Frequencies Table Of rF
Fig: 4.1.1 Types Of OrCAd
Figures
Fig: 4.3.1 A Still Of mikroC
Fig: 5.3.4 The Procedure Of PCB designing using OrCAd Fig: 5.4.2 designing a Circuit In Capture CIS
Fig: 5.5.3 designing a PCB Footprint in layout Plus Fig: 6.0 Various PIC microcontrollers Offered By microchip Fig: 6.6 Pin diagram Of PIC16F
Fig: 6.8 Flowchart Of PIC & It’s Core Architecture
Fig: 6.9.1 Voltage-Frequency Graph Of PIC Fig: 9.3.1 rF Frequency Spectrum Fig: 9.5 Block diagram Of rF Operation Fig: 9.5.1 Transmitter/receiver explained Fig: 9.8 rF module Fig: 9.9.1 Operation Of Serial encoder Fig: 9.9.2 Operation Of Serial decoder Fig: 9.10 Flowchart Of rF module Fig: 11.1.1 rFId Fig: 11.2.4 Wireless rF Based mouse Fig: 11.5 m 2 m PIC Tail daughter Board Fig: 11.6 Flowchart Of rF Based Control robot
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Table Of Content
Chapter No. (^) Title Page No.
Title Page
Abstract
Acknowledgement
list Of Tables & Figures
- IntroductIon 1.1 (^) What is Wireless.?
1.2 examples Of Wireless devices 1.3 radio Frequency 1.4 What is rF module? 1.5 rF module’s Performance 1.6 Scope of Wireless rF module
2. Features Of RF Module
3. Hardware & Software
Requirements
3.1 Input requirement 3.2 Output requirement 3.3 Software requirement 3.4 hardware requirement
4. Tools To be Used
4.1 OrCAd 4.1.1 PCB designing 4.1.2 layout Plus 4.1.3 Capture CIS 4.2 PIC Burner
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9. Working Of RF Module
9.1 Special Properties Of rF Current 9.2 Frequency Chart 9.3 rF module Interfacing With PIC 9.4 Block diagram & explanation 9.5 Source Code For PIC 9.6 Serial encoder/decoder 9.7 Operational Working Of rF 9.8 Ckt Implementation 9.8.1 Transmitter Section 9.8.2 receiver Section 9.9 Working Flowchart
10. What is Hex File Format.?
10.1 Structure Of hex File Format
11. Applications Of RF Module
11.1 rFId 11.1.1 Operation Of rFId 11.1.2 Applications Of rFId 11.2 Wireless mouse 11.2.1 rF Transmitter 11.2.2 rF receiver 11.2.3 rF Frequency 11.2.4 Advantages 11.3 Industrial Automation 11.4 Custom Wireless remote Controls 11.4.1 Wireless X-ray System 11.4.2 long range Transmitter 11.5 machine to machine Wireless rF Networking 11.6 robot using rF remote Control
13. Future Of Project
12. Actual PCB Photographs
13.1 Identifying Objects using rF Technology 13.2 radio Transmitter design 13.3 Two Channels rF Control 13.4 Weather monitoring System
14. Appendix
15. Bibliography
Page 1
- INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is wireless?
W ireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which
electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at fre- quencies above the range of human hearing; these are also some- times classified as wireless.
Wireless technology is rapidly evolving, and is playing an increasing role in the lives of people throughout the world. In addition, ever- larger numbers of people are relying on the technology directly or indirectly. (It has been suggested that wireless is overused in some situations, creating a social nuisance.)
1.2 Examples Of Wireless
Devices
- Cellular phones and pagers -- provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business
- Global Positioning System (GPS) -- allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to as certain their location anywhere on earth
- Cordless computer peripherals -- the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless
- Cordless telephone sets -- these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell phones
- Home-entertainment-system control boxes -- the VCR control and the TV channel control are the most common examples; some hi-fi sound systems and FM broadcast Receivers also use this technology
- Remote garage-door openers -- one of the oldest wireless Devices in common use by consumers; usually operates at Radio frequencies
- Two-way radios -- this includes Amateur and Citizens Radio Service, as well as business, marine, and military Communications
- Baby monitors -- these devices are simplified radio transmitter/receiver units with limited range
- Satellite television -- allows viewers in almost any location to select from hundreds of channels.
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- Vehicle Monitoring
- Remote Control
- Telemetry
- Small-Range wireless network
- Wireless meter reading
- Access control systems
- Wireless home security systems
- Area paging
- Industrial data acquisition system
- Radio tags reading
- RF contact less smart cards
- Wireless data terminals
- Wireless fire protection systems
- Biological signal acquisition
- Hydrological and meteorological monitoring
- Robot remote control
- Wireless data transmissions
- Digital video/audio transmission
- Digital home automation, such as remote light
- Industrial remote control and remote sensing
- Remote control for household appliances and Electronics projects
- Mobile web server for elderly people monitoring
Typical Applications/Scope of
Wireless RF Module
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- FEATURES OF RF MODULE
- Interference Immunity
- Low Power Required
- Receiver Sensitivity
- RF Basics
- Wireless Data Communication
- Wireless Transceiver Modules
- Reliable
- Power Efficient
- Long Range Communication
- 3KHz - 300GHz of Range
- Cost Effective
- Small size (QLP 4x4 mm package)
- True single chip UHF RF transmitter
- Frequency bands: 300-348 MHz, 400-464MHz and 800-928 MHz
- Programmable data rate up to 500kBaud
- Low current consumption
- Programmable output power up to +10dBm for all supported frequencies
- Programmable baseband modulator
- Ideal for multi-channel operation
- Very few external components:
- Completely on-chip frequency Synthesizer,
- no external filters needed
- Configurable packet handling hardware
- Suitable for frequency hopping systems due to a fast settling frequency synthesizer
- Optional Forward Error Correction with interleaving
- Many powerful digital features allow a high-performance RF system to be made using an inexpensive microcontroller
- Efficient SPI interface: All registers can be programmed with one “burst” transfer
- Integrated analog temperature sensor
- Support for asynchronous transparent transmit mode for backwards compatibility with existing radio communication protocols
There are several features of wireless rF module:
The RF Transmitter and Receiver modules provide a simple to use RF data link at up to 300GHz from any standard CMOS/TTL source. The modules are very simple to operate and offers low current con- sumption. Data can be supplied directly from a microprocessor or encoding device, thus keeping the component count down and ensuring a low hardware cost. These modules exhibit extremely stable electronic characteristics due to the use of Etched The PCB In OrCAD Technology, which uses no adjustable components and ensures very reliable operation.
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3.3 Software Requirements
- Windows , LINUX as an operating system.
- OrCAD as work space for PCB designing.
- TINA PRO for Simulation Purposes.
- Mikro C as a Compiler for Embedded C.
- PIC Burner.
- Boot Loader.
3.4 Hardware Requirements
- Pentium 4 Computer(Atleast).
- 256 MB RAM.
- Software Interfacing with PIC 16F73 Kit.
- Universal USB to Serial Port Convertor Using Laptop.
- 8-Pin serial port for burning the IC using CPU.
- Keyboard.
- Hard disk (20 GB).
- Mouse.
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- Tools Used For
Development
OrCAD is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic design automation.
The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and electronic technicians to
create electronic schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards.
The name OrCAD is a portmanteau, reflecting the company and its software's origins:
Oregon + CAD
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4.1.2 Layout Plus
Shrinking design cycles and a growing number of nets with constraints require cus- tomers to adopt PCB design methodologies that increase predictability and acceler- ate design turnaround. Cadence® layout and routing technology offers a scalable, easy-to-use, constraint-driven PCB design solution for simple to complex PCBs, including those with RF etch components.
Cadence® OrCAD® PCB Designer contains a fully integrated design flow that in- cludes a constraint manager, design capture technology, component tools, a PCB editor, an auto/interactive router, and interfaces for manufacturing and mechanical CAD.
At the heart of OrCAD PCB Designer is OrCAD PCB Editor, an interactive environ- ment for creating and editing simple to complex multi-layer PCBs. The extensive feature set addresses a wide range of design and manufacturability challenges. OrCAD PCB Designer and OrCAD PCB Designer with PSpice both include Cadence SPECCTRA® for OrCAD, the market-leading PCB solution for automatic and interac- tive interconnect routing.
Features
Offers a proven, scalable, easy-to-use PCB editing and routing solution that grows as needed Tight, front-to-back application integration increases productivity and ensures data integrity A comprehensive feature set and a seamless PCB design environment delivers a complete solution to take a design from concept to production
4.1.3 Capture CIS
OrCAD Capture provides fast and intuitive schematic design entry for PCB develop- ment or analog simulation using PSpice. The component information system (CIS) integrates with it to automatically synchronize and validate externally sourced part data. Easy-to-use and powerful, Cadence® OrCAD® Capture is the most widely used schematic design solution, supporting both flat and hierarchal designs from the simplest to the most complex. Seamless bidirectional integration with OrCAD PCB Editor enables data synchronization and cross-probing/placing between the sche- matic and the board design. OrCAD Capture allows designers to back annotate lay- out changes, make gate/pin swaps, and change component names or values from board design to schematic using the feedback process. It also comes with a large library of schematic symbols and can export net lists in a wide variety of formats.
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CIS allows designers to search, identify, and populate the design with preferred parts. With easy access to company component databases and part information, designers can reduce the amount of time spent researching needed parts.
Features
- Boosts schematic editing efficiency of complex designs through hierarchical and Variant design capabilities.
- Integrates with a robust CIS that promotes the use of preferred, current parts to Accelerate the design process and reduce project costs.
- Provides access to more than two million parts with Cadence Active Parts, Offering greater flexibility when choosing design components.
4.2 PIC Burner
This is the ultimate PIC/EEPROM programmer! The internet is full of PIC program- mer software. The problem is that most of the programmers support only one type of hardware and only one operating system.
PIC Burner is very versatile software. We can use different kinds of hardware with it, because the pins used on parallel port can be set using a simple ini-file. We can also use different assemblers, because pburn can read all kinds of Intel hex file formats used (inhx32, inhx16 and inhx8m).
Features
- Linux and Windows XP/Vista/7 support
- Parallel port hardware support
- Program memory and configuration memory read/write/verify
- Data memory read/write/verify
- Reads and writes multiple hex file formats (inhx32, inhx16, inhx8m)
- Input file format auto detection
- Good documentation
- Support for serial port hardware
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Features mikroC allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:
- Write your C source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and Parameter Assistants, Syntax Highlighting, Auto Correct, Code Templates, and more…)
- Use the included mikroC libraries to dramatically speed up the development: data Acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communications
- Monitor your program structure, variables, and functions in the Code Explorer.
- Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX compatible with all programmers.
- Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated Debugger.
- Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics, assembly Listing, calling tree, and more…
- We have provided plenty of examples for you to expand, develop, and use as Building bricks in your projects. Copy them entirely if you deem fit
4.3.2 Projects
mikroC organizes applications into projects, consisting of a single project file (extension .ppc) and one or more source files (extension .c). You can compile source files only if they are part of a project. The project file carries the following information:
- project name and optional description,
- target device,
- device flags (config word),
- device clock,
Fig: 4.3.1 A Still Of MikroC
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4.4 USB PIC Bootloader
(PIC-BOOT)
USB PIC Bootloader is a resident bootloader for PIC18 series of Enhanced Flash USB Micro controllers. It allows us to program a new firmware application image into the chip using the standard USB connectivity of your device.
- USB PIC Bootloader fully complies with USB Specification for Human Input Devices (HID) and all interfacing is done via standard HID driver from Microsoft.
- XTEA encryption algorithm is used to protect privacy of firmware application updated With USB PIC Bootloader.
- USB PIC Bootloader code is write-protected and cannot be overwritten by firmware.
- Firmware update or user mode is selected by SW and/or HW switch.
- USB PIC Bootloader is a small program that stays in the first 2,048 bytes of the pro Gram memory of the Microchip PIC Micro controller.
- Bootloader runs at the boot time (when the processor has just been reset) and is Capable of loading a complete application program into a processor's memory.
- With the USB PIC Bootloader loaded, there are two distinct modes of operation: Firmware update mode and user mode.
- USB PIC Bootloader uses the EEPROM mark and/or hardware switch to determine which mode to run in.
The bootloader firmware is given in the form of Basic source program that has to be compiled with PIC Simulator IDE integrated Basic compiler to get the HEX file ready to be programmed into the microcontroller. The correct micro controller model needs to be selected - 16F877(A), and the selected clock frequency is supposed to be at least 8MHz
A bootloader is a program that stays in the micro controller and communicates with the PC (usually through the serial interface).The bootloader receives a user program from the PC and writes it in the flash memory, then launches this program in execution. Bootloaders can only be used with those micro controllers that can write their flash memory through software as PIC16F870.
Since the start address 0000 hex is set for the boot loader software our New start is always 0010 hex. This means that when we write our code must always think that the start is at address 0010 hex.
