WWI- Lesson 2 Presentation (PDF), Summaries of History

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Naval Warfare & The

Sinking of the Lusitania

Blockades, U-Boats, and International Provocations

Drawing the United States into WWI

Europe at War

The British declared war on Germany in August 1914 after German troops

invaded Belgium.

Utilizing the world’s most powerful Navy, the British declared the entire North

Sea area a war zone in November 1914, signaling that any ship to enter those

waters would be destroyed, especially any ships that might be carrying war

munitions or contraband (which included food).

The Germans objected to the nature of the blockade, which had an expanded

definition of "war materiel" and items that would support the war effort, and by

early 1915 the Germans were starting to feel the effects of restricted trade.

The blockade against the Central Powers had major implications over the course

of the war. As the European war continued, Germany and Austria-Hungary

began rationing food (1,000 calories/day). By 1918 more severe rationing

programs led to mass malnutrition and starvation and upwards of 900,

German and Austrian civilian deaths.

The Allies Blockade the Central Powers

Europe at War

Run Time: 1 Hour A Discussion on Trading Blockades and Naval Warfare During WWI Video🔗

Submarine Warfare

German naval forces did not match the strength of the British Navy. To prevent other countries from trading with Britain, Germany employed submarine warfare tactics. U-Boats (short for the German word Untersee-boots meaning submarine) were primitive vessels that could submerge beneath the water and send torpedoes into any boats traveling in open water. A New and Significant Use of Force Arises During WWI

Library of Congress

Interactive Map: U-Boat Attacks in World War I🔗

Submarine Warfare

A New and Significant Use of Force in War

Library of Congress

GERMANY WARNS AGAINST TRAVEL IN ALLIES' SHIPS Tells (^) U. S. Public^ All^ Such Vessels Are (^) Likely To Be (^) Destroyed. PASSENGERS RISK THEIR OWN^ LIVES Washington Holds^ Notice^ Docs <>t (^) Relieve Kaiser from Responsibility.

~* * T I flur»m '

Washington. (^) April SO.^ In^ advcrtise- i (^) placed m the most (^) prominent newspaper? of^ :hr^ United^ States,^ with » to (^) reaching every American reader (^) possible, the^ German^ Embassy

notice to-morrow that^ all

who (^) travel on (^) ships flying the flair.« eat (^) Britain and her allies^ in^ the

war rone, do so^ at^ their^ own^ risk.^ This

to the (^) public, which^ follows^ the formal not:ce of^ the^ war^ lona^ giren rmany to^ the^ State^ Department Mme (^) ago. reads as follows: NOTICE! TRAVELLERS intending to^ em¬ it on the Atlanl c (^) royag* are reminded that a state of^ ware:<ists between (^) Germany and^ her^ allies and Great Britain and^ her^ allies; SUNDAY WOULD CUT WHITE'S TERM IN^ TW Admiring tkê^ manHnêtê^ of^ Ph
ip T.^ White, eonietoed^ rohhrr, ujl ta determined to (^) prnp hack all t> lottet he has (^) muted u-hrn >e!rnnt from (^) prison, hut^ erpretmivrj h ti over^ thr^ mon't downfnl IhJly (^) Sunday lift^ nt¡jht raid: If (^1) were the (^) Judge, that ver

confession would cause me lo ci

his sentence (^) right In two.^ I admit

the manliness of^ the^ man^ In th

.lictory he^ achieved^ o%er^ sin^ an self In his heroic struggle throng the dark (^) night before his^ eonfessio

In court.

Tragödie« like^ this^ nerve^ my^ an anew «nd^ strengthen my hear afresh to strike more (^) ataggerin blow« st the hellish. Infamous. God forsaken, crime-producing llqtac traffic. And this (^) particular circurr

stance makes me resohe all th

more to do my nest to^ nail a hid

on (^) every door In New (^) Jersey nett Sunda> afternoon, when^ I^ preac on (^) "BOOM, or Get on the N^ agon. "PLAY BALL!"^ CRY GIVES SATAN RES Sunday. Obsessed^ b Spring, Will^ Umpire^ Higl School Game^ To-day.

¡rrrm i S!»(T^ CprrMjHindc! of^ Th»^ Tilounf

WHITE (^) PLANNED RAID (^) ON BIGGEST AUTO PAYROLL New Confession Also Tells of Scheme to Rob Noted Broadway Hotel. USED INNOCENT FRIEND FOR TIP After Series of (^) Hold-Ups on Messengers Here^ Gang Was to (^) Attempt One in Detroit. Extensive (^) plans for more robberies than those (^) which took (^) place at the Saekett A^ Wilhelm^ and^ the^ Masury niants W< re^ engineered by Philip T. Whit« *¦¦<' William V. (^) Clinnin, accord¬ ing to^ a^ supplementary confession wl ich^ the^ two^ men^ now^ in^ the^ Ray. niond (^) Street (^) jail, (^) Brooklyn, made to Assistant District (^) Attorney Louis Goldstein (^) yesterday. Copies of^ their stntemen's have^ been^ given to^ Supreme Court Justice (^) Aspinal!. who^ will (^) pro¬ nounce sentence (^) upon them (^) Wednesday. These (^) robberies, it^ was^ learned^ 1mm night from^ an^ unofficial^ source,^ wer" to have heen (^) attempted on the (^) pay- rolls of a (^) company in (^) long Island, an automobile salesroom und a^ large hotel

in this c y. and were^ to^ have^ culminât-

cd in an attack the^ messengers

R (^) URA L^ HONE^ YMOON (^) AMID , BLOSSOMS FOR^ ANDREWS Elepeit, Won^ by^ Spring^ Beauty^ of^ Bride's^ Country Estate. Cancel^ Trip to^ Europe.Parents Relent, (^) Says Husband.

; r-^ -^ *^ Ruff^ (^ '^ Tfct^ Trll^ ¦^ -^1

Pleaaantville, N.^ Y..^ April^ 3<>.^ p.,ri¬ gid Shields^ Andre««,^ who^ gave^ up a diploma al^ Vale^ to^ marry^ Mr«.^ Alma ra (^) Hayns la*1^ Saturday, will^ not «ail f(ir^ Europe with^ his^ l>nde^ on^ the Luaitania to-morrow.^ Right^ after^ n 'leepv ¡notice^ of^ the^ peace^ performed the (^) midnight marriage reremony^ at Mamaroneck, N.^ V.,^ the^ aloyen^ came

here to^ Mr".^ Andrews';^ country^ estate,

.i, les on the Hard^ Scrabble^ road to (!hai (^) paqoa. U (^) ¡th (^) apple hlos«oms and^ chirping b r-1 -^ ro einer^ them,^ they are^ spending a tentative honeymoon m^ seclusion rail (^) g for the^ big, boyish bridegroom to (^) arrange affairs with^ his^ parents in

Clevi nd.

ai Mr«.^ Andrew«^ says^ it^ may or a (^) few days they will (^) go road^ te^ help out^ the^ Allies, <> (^) the bride, who claims relation¬ ship »Uli^ the^ House^ of^ Hapsburg,^ has he British, French^ and^ Rus¬ sian .'^ For^ the^ present,^ how-

ust want^ to^ get^ away^ from

everybi y.^ to^ nder^ around^ the^ gnr- deni 01 the bride's^ remodelled^ farm, ¦...inch (^) the talk of^ the^ village, Half an^ hour's^ drive^ from^ the^ rail¬ road station over Hard^ Scrabble's^ hills brings one^ to^ -'i^ splc and^ span^ farm¬ house, glistening in^ freah^ white^ paint and resting on^ elevated^ ground^ back from the^ road.^ Villager.« say that^ it took (^) 112.000 of Mrs. Andrews'! money to transform the^ old^ Rilcy farm^ into this modern, crtiatic landscape layout. And the^ bride^ will^ tell^ you with^ pride thai she^ was^ the^ architect^ in^ charge, ever watching to^ sec^ that^ shrewd American contractors (^) "put nothing

"over" on her.

lionnl college hero part. Little Ru-

dolph, of (^) imperial proten«¡oris. «ral at¬ tired in a long-trousered mnUhipman's

co tume minus the sailor hat.

"We're (^) up here for an (^) indefinite

stav." were the voting husband's first

Words. (^) "Further than that we can't tell von (^) anvthmc about our (^) plan«." He

«ras standine in front of the hiir lire-

place in^ th»>^ living room, «here smoul- dering loss (^) dispelled some of the^ dav's

dampness.

"No, we're^ not (^) sailing on the Lusi-

tan:.i tO-moiTOW. That'' all hunk. We

don't know what are are eoin¡r to do,

do are (^) dear?" (^) directing the conversa¬

tion to his bride.

"As for (^) workine for tho Allies, (^) why that is (^) quite possible." she went on. "We mijrht tell vou (^) something very iri- terestinrr about our (^) plans later. I

may CO a< a nurse. I have friends in

all the armies over there."

"Except the^ Germans," interrupted the (^) young (^) husband, grabbing (^) Rudolph,

heir to the Austrian thron«, ami to I-

ing up so^ that^ his^ head^ nearly bumped ths (^) ceiling. Accepting; the (^) correction,

Mrs. Andrew? went on to say fiat she:

could (^) shoot, too, and that she might he aille t) do more (^) than nurse for (^) the; Allies. Two (^) automatic revolvers (^) lying on the seat (^) around the (^) fireplace and a well (^) perforated target against a (^) grassy

bank testified to her skill.

Now. (^) concerning Mr. (^) Andrews'» busi- ness (^) plans and the (^) reports that (^) his (^) par¬

ents in^ Cleveland had not^ be'ome

reconciled to his (^) hasty marriage this aspect of^ the^ honeymoon was^ dismissed briefly by the^ bridegroom. "I (^) dont know (^) yet what I will do! about business (^) plans. Perhaps I will' not come back from (^) Europe. And, take R 64 A Co aw

ra

ne

on ti ar bo

Ce

si

ha

in

as

un

ad in bi

de

tw

th

me

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Backdrop to the Lusitania Sinking In April 1915, the German embassy placed an advertisement in a New York newspaper warning: “ Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies, that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles, that in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain or any of her allies are liable to destruction in those waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. From the Imperial German Embassy” Germany Issues a Warning About Civilian Sea Travel During War

ght, Lady Markworth,^ Mrs.^ F.^ W.^ Pearl,^ Mrs.

Lower row.^ Miss^ Eva^ Baker,^ Rita^ Jolivet.

e streets, h later orge,^ deepest who^ ir uet late, of «Irlaan tania disa- ll^ r7r,g Americi^ Amc ht^ estions througl^ \

rally :«ve abell« ter

s of Ame it is nn«*

t cularly the^ disai as

oard. ning i« e< to^ ( t^ Wartung meant merican «V mately sail ships o soon <>i "'al n here^ is^ t

ction^ compelled agai

Offices. an] office iei rs,

erve^ ly^ in i^ theof Ui

d she brol ihrielher i vessel, that the but b< U was (^) h«>j safe. white hear waiting son, who^ ¦ afety were ofcont^ tl

bassador^ aph^ and^ te*-«

over all th« equested ication. to ny'.-* iderate offlci- alii suring the snxioi torn er newspap ican, at int.-rvsquiet h they real -.this mornii the^ ssened. night^ The ne CAPITAL AROUSED BYGRAVE SITUATION Continued from rs-sTe I tania are received. There^ is^ one^ thin certain, however, and^ that^ it^ that^ Cer many will^ not^ bo^ allowed^ to^ shirk^ an responsibility for^ the^ disaster,^ shoul investigation show^ that^ the^ act^ wa performed by^ a^ German^ submarine. The (^) possibility of^ the^ Lusitania^ hav ing struck^ a^ mine^ was^ discounted^ her

by the^ rcceipt~of news^ that^ the^ Britis

Admiralty had^ given^ assurances^ tha there were no mines in^ the neighbor hood in which the vessel was^ blowi up. Protest Will Be Vigorous. Kven if^ no^ American^ lives^ had^ bcei lost, the^ sinking of^ th««^ Cunard^ line bj made a^ Germana (^) part oftorpedo the most^ would vigorous^ have^ beeipro .hat the American^ government ha« yet transmitted^ ieto beltsthe^ ;'German (^) »f officials^ Foreigi (^) higl m the administration (^) to-night. serted^ The^ Unitedthat it^ States^ has^ repeatedly^ as recognizes the^ right^ o belligerents and that it willto^ visithold^ andthe^ Germansearch^ onlygov¬ ernment to strut (^) accountability to the loss of^ any American^ live: through German (^) government.the^ undersea^ warfare^ of^ th« over^ The theunited sinking^ States of^ thehas^ Lusitaniano^ concerr^ it -elf, but it is (^) gravely concerned ovei the (^) probable lo-s^ of^ the^ lives^ of^ Anu«r lean German Citizens submarines^ through in^ thethe^ activitywar /.one^ ol In the note of the American gt'Vern ment to the German (^) Foreign Office 01 February try would^10 it takeeras (^) anydeclared steps^ thatit mighl^ thii think «an lives necessary and to safeguard Ameri fo (^) American citizensproperty the^ fulland (^) enjoymentto^ sec^ ¦in¬

of their acknowledged rights on^ the

high It isseas. (^) frankly stated here that there is no doubt that the destruction of th« t'unard liner was^ deliberately planned

by and thethat^ Germans the German^ long Embassy'sbefore^ it adver¬sailed

tisement was (^) merely a ruse behind which to hide the in Germancase there government was loss ofhoped life, At advei the tisi time of the publication-red byof highthis officials (^) of the Stute (^) I»epartment that, TITANIC SCENES EXPECTED TO-DAY AT CUNARD LINE First (^) Optimism Fades^ as Later (^) Reports Show

Loss of Life.

SHIP HAD BOATS FOR ALL ON^ BOARD

Carried Cargo Valued^ at^ $725,-

000, Fully Covered^ by

Insurance. excitement,^ Large^ crowds, flocked^ showing^ to^ the^ officeslittle^ ofor^ theno Cunard when .heLine, first 'J.'î Statenews Street,an anconi^ yesterday report taniH. Thosetold^ of who^ the hadsinking been^ of (^) present^ the^ Luli- at the White Star offices when^ the^ first rumor of the Titanic^ disaster^ was^ made public scenes drewthen anda^ comparison (^) yesterday.^ between^ the In the Cunard^ offices^ no^ news^ of deaths *vas^ given out.^ None^ had^ been publish«, To-day, ihowever,^ on^ the^ daywith^ the the^ Titanic knowledge^ sank. that many have^ gone down^ with^ the^ Lu¬ sitania rooms willsprend probably abroad, be^ the besieged^ State^ Street by a i as frantically anxious^ as^ that which waited day and^ night within^ the' White Star Line^ offices^ for^ news^ of their The lovedmeagre^ ones. announcement was re¬ ceived shortly before^ noon,^ and^ was given gathered to inthe the^ few office^ parsons before^ who 1 o'clock.^ had lie^ Subsequent as they^ mi reachedIgei^ werethe^ madesteamship^ pub- office (^) during the^ afternoon^ an«!^ even¬ ing« tails (^) ofHut the^ none sinking,^ of^ thesenor didhad (^) any^ any before^ de¬ the cable received^ at^ 9:30^ o'clock^ last night tell^ whether^ any^ lives^ had^ been lo^t. I.ate into the (^) night a handful of (^) per- sons, eager snd friends to^ learn who^ the hadfate sailedof^ rela- on .he giant liner,^ despite the^ -warning which had^ been^ sdvertised,^ crowded^ the counters calls and atinquiries^ the^ office, by telegraphend^ telephone came from all part- of^ the^ country.^ More than 500 telephone inquiries^ were answered were kept by latethe lasttroop nightOf^ clerks at theirwho «iuties. Some came^ from^ as^ far^ as^ St. Louis. In the Atlanta middle and of^ Montreal.the afternoon a re¬ port without that casualties^ the^ liner kepthad^ beendown^ beachedthe at¬ tendance at Cunard^ headquai Later, when^ announcement^ was^ made that sdvieei the thatLusitania, had accordingbeen received,^ to^ all hadthe been information sunk^ and again^ not crowdedbeached, thei-eekera rooms.^ for The first message which^ mentioned the (^) passengers at^ all^ came^ into^ the

¡company's noon. It tnldoffice that^ at 4:30¦ Cork^ in thenewspaper^ after¬

had r lotted^ the^ landing of^ .'.00^ per¬ sons at.^ Queenstown. Soon^ after^ it^ was given tors beganto^ the topress increase,^ the^ number but until^ of^ visi-the 9:30 cable nothing more^ was^ said^ re¬ garding I^ he^ passengers'^ safety. Some Died in^ Hospitals. "Admiralty has^ had^ message^ from

Queenstown," between said :>00^ this and^ announcement, 600 have been

Town and^ Country Suits.$35^ an_^ $ 1 i *..,-. ,, «*¦/,' Smart^ "»«lit«^ for^ Misses^ und^ -»mull^.^ _»n formerly j>>0^ to$0^ ,,.,,.^ ,«.,..,,,,,^ «,.-,an,i.,.,,^ at^ $2$ Motor and (^) Sports Coats^ at^ $ Miise»' Coat» at^ $20^ and^ $ BloUSeS at^ $10^ and^ $I

Heretofore $15 to^ $35.Oí^ Georgette^ crep**.^ lac-,^ rhiffon.

Separate Skirts^ of^ -m-iene,^ ¡h^ ne*.^ ««00^ nah,

Palm Beach cloth. «otton-R-barHtne.^ white^ or^ navy^ vryr,^ and

sm.rt tweeds.$8, $12 an.^ $15.

Semi-Dress and^ Street^ Hats.* "Earlier" models.Heretofore^ $l8,^ $20^ and$2j.

The German^ Warning

and Lusitania'sDefiance

Af'er the Lusitania^ sailed^ last^ Sat¬ urday of the it^ betterwas^ announced known (^) per-ron-,^ that^ a^ numberbooked ! on her. had received^ telegrams signed warning with them^ clearly «»gainst^ fictitious sailing,^ name-,as the' .ship Imperial was Germanto^ he^ blown Embassy^ up.^ Official'.. in Washing¬ ton York sent an advertisement to^ the^ New papir.» warning^ all^ intending^ to go of abroadGreat Unía.*!'hat^ persons and her^ sailing Allies^ on didships so at (^) Neithertheir own the risk. of the telegrams^ nor^ the^ notice

embassy had^ much,^ if^ any,^ effect

upon At thethe office-;passengers of the^ who Western^ had^ booked. Union

Telegraph mid that noCompany effort hadyesterday been madeit^ was to

find the transmissionout if^ its lines of^ had thr«-atening^ been^ used tele¬for grams, be made or if^ that it wereany investigationshown the (^) company would had transmitted or^ delivered^ such^ mes- sagee. "We have no interest in messages other than to deliver them^ so^ long as the of language complies with^ the^ laws Weilever.decency," "We^ said <lo^ notGeneral^ know^ thatManager^ such messages it is wer.t^ over^ our^ line«,^ though these mymessage,^ recollection being^ that received^ the^ report^ was^ de-of nied. "I can see where if it be shown that the (^) ship was sunk^ through an^ internal explosion, the^ identity of^ the^ persons sending sult (^) mi.ht messages be of (^) importance."predicting^ that^ re¬ anxious with the callstheatre,^ from as^ personsCharles connectedTrohman, the (^) manager, and Charles Klein^ and Justus Miles Forman were^ among^ the passengers. and her (^) daughters The^ presence caused^ of^ Ladymany^ Allan in¬ quiries real. from^ Canada, especially^ Mont- the offices,Beyond however,^ the^ reports^ the^ clerks,received^ who,^ at wrre (^) kept busy answering the^ tele¬ phone, Charles could P.^ giveSunnier,^ no^ information. the (^) company's general manager, declined^ last^ night^ to giv» hud noout moreany statement,than the (^) dispatches,saving^ that and^ he until more definite news was^ learned he (^) preferred not^ to^ discuss^ the^ sinking. Many New^ Yorkers^ who^ had^ sailed

inspired relative queries fromeity,^ theirand friendsamong andthe

ftrat was Dock Commissioner K.^ A Smith. text of Ju.tthe firstas^ hemes-age^ left^ the -that^ office which^ the had told of^ the^ sinking.which^ was originally Line to the communicated newspapers, bywas^ the (^) given^ Cunard out. This had been received rive^ hours^ ear¬ lier, been butin the^ the form^ first of^ announcement a bulletin.^ had Th<- te* of the cable (^) message rc-

cei ed here was;

"Lusitania, according .«>^ unconfirmed

report, marine i»thas - been^ torpedoed by sub¬

south of^ Kin-ale,p.^ m.,^ nJFrida/,^ sunk^ ten2:80.^ miles^ No news (^) yet as to .:«fety of^ passengers and crew." m«^ Excepting sag.- «.«.huh^ the^ mentioned^ Brethert^ m«,the^ safetythe^ first «>f any ¡1 o'clockparticular la t passengersnight, when came wor«^ abouterai received hi., wite thatami son,General who^ H.wei"^ B. (^) returningLa* to in London, having boo'red^ their^ passage broughtSyc'ncy, to^ Au-tralia,ore^ safety.^ were^ rimons^ those A luter (^) message told that George A. Kessler, e v. ami th«Mis.«^ wine Jes-ie^ mc-chant, (^) Taft S'nth,^ of^ this of Braeeville, Besides hero^ io,passengers^ had^ been the ved.Lusitania rid '¦t » CUNARD :B- ji .-«

. «»¦

'^ n .... t, tm. » i | S (^14) Lai^ P i a a u- .. et a»

EUROPE via^ LIVERPOOL

LUSITANIA

Fà'teit a-id"^ Liri*'st Síeimtt

now in Allan ic^ Service Stils

SATURDAY. MAY^ I, '0^ A.M. Tll«a1|llalll a.. Tu".^ I^ rMay^ \l«v If).^ 7,^105 P.M.AX Tuacania..^.^.^ Fn..^ May 21.^ .«P.M. LL'S.TANIA.Sai.M*y29,10 AM. Trar.sylva.va..^.^ Fn^ June 4,^ jftM Gibr»!tir -^ G«»-oa Nip1« Presi

S.S. Carpair.ia.Th jr.. May 13. NOON

Thr»«ah^ ROL'VD baokina«^ THE «««JVORLO^ all priatiaal^ TOUM Mfe roMra»«T«r,--riCE^.^ Til.«^ W«ri4.n i«»T«THt.i.l r UTS. ¦ > T-ni «. »^ «i Ltkaa i-«*»". «r» T-« -« r. NOTICE! TRAVELLERS intm-lil to^ ,

.mbark on (ha Atlant.c »eyas1/

mo remind«! that a^ «tat» at! war «».at» botw««n Crr.-naaf and hr alliaa and Great Bntafc and h«r aJlica, that th» ton» ai «..r int'udtt th« wattra^ adja» cant to th« Britiah lalrti thai« in accordant» with formal aat» be (^) ft«»n by th« trnpcriil G»f» ¦nan Cora-ram« >'. ««at«.« ly. Ir.f th« flag of^ (.'».-^ Bntala, «f of any of bar^ all««», »r»^ liabl«^ to daatruction in^ tboa»^ «aatrr»^ aaal that tr»T«i!»r»^ >«.!^ n| la^ tka war ion« on^ ahipa of^ Gr«aH Ba-itain or^ her^ tí',^ it,^ do^ tat^ at th«ir own^ ritt.

IMPERIAL tKl-IMM^ EMHStT.

¦ « «^ ¦-.^ I top. d c^ araj-.u^ hi* Lean, and two Henderson rafta,^ isf' ficient for from forty to^ titty^ pants* gers Following each. th»» (^) receipt of - (^) If ««.ceai

cable message from Liver] ..^ wbi*

told of the Lusitania'» distress^ OW and added that^ all^ available^ «:raft^ tmtl <'ld Head were^ rushing^ to^ her^ sill" anee, the offic«\ a^ flock^ of^ nnxioui^ men^ cam«^ is They included^ Miles^ H.^ Secchi,^ e*J inquired Mrs. Booth for Joneshis^ wife and^ and h«ir^ fot rhildl«Mr.^ tti was followed^ (Ive, and^ v^ rteeo.^ tt by Samuel^ Robert,^ oil

sought - infornntion J. J. Townsend,^ about n banker,«*<à«-orgo^ L

nsked fot new?^ of^ friends. An (^) inquiry for^ Dr.^ JamM^ T1-'? Housrhton. the son of^ the^ former^ judge* next.Apnellat The caller^ ll'^ 'i.llon-rt^ ** ton had mad«* his will Jolt MR boarding the^ Lusitania,^ fearful^ 1«*^ *

Library of Congress Library of Congress

Last Voyage

Silent Footage of the RMS Lusitania Leaving New York City on May 1, 1915 Run Time: 5 Minutes Video🔗

The use of submarines led to a merciless form of warfare that increased the sinking of merchant and civilian ships such as the Lusitania. When it came to capturing merchant ships during wartime, ships that traveled on the surface were required to adhere to specific rules set by international treaties. Any merchant ship that was stopped and discovered to be holding contraband cargo could be captured, boarded, and escorted to a designated harbor. Enemy merchant ships could also be sunk if the crew was allowed an opportunity to use lifeboats. At this time, Germany was practicing unrestricted submarine warfare.

Civilian Casualties

National Archives

The American Aspect

The Lusitania exploded from the direct hit, throwing 1,959 innocent passengers into the freezing Atlantic Ocean to drown as the ship sunk in only eighteen minutes. There were 1,198 civilian casualties including women and children. Among the fatalities were 128 American civilians. While the United States had been neutral in the war up until this point President Wilson issued a stern condemnation for the sinking of the Lusitania. Massive Media Coverage of the Attack on Innocent Civilians Leads to Pro- British versus Anti-German Sentiment

Library of Congress

A Test of Neutrality

Until this point the war was predominately a European conflict with America remaining neutral. The United States was previously trading with both the Allies and the Central Powers, with a disproportionate amount of supplies and monetary support channelled to the Allies over the Central Powers. While American manufacturing and financing were crucial to the Allied war effort, the United States also conducted trade with Germany. America: Are You With Us or Against Us? NUMBER S4JV WASHINGTON, SATURDAY (^) EVENING, FEBRUARY G, 1015. PRICE (^) ONE CENT. rheJhington Ctme^ HOME EDITION TAl "eZZ"

VJIUIW&UI VVVLglU)

Official (^) Scales Prove Ten Different Shops by Times Rep Show (^) Startling Differences No for Bakers Under Law, However, Say (^) District Authorities. bread bought today in different sections of Wash- different bakery, showed a variation of five largest and the smallest loaf. loaf of bread weigh sixteen ounces. The heav- ounces. This was bought from a downtown (^) baker. weighing 10 '( ounces, was purchased (^) from a purchased by Times' representatives in (^) an ef- much variation there is in loaves (^) of bread Washington housewives. The weighing (^) was done the office of the Superintendent (^) of Weights, The weights, as (^) tabulated by a (^) Times repre- by Superintendent (^) Sherman, just (^) as are all District scales at his office. standitrd^ FIXED Tor In.U^ STANDARD. and (^) Inno sellingviolation weights^ Washington, were tak- Superintendent^ teceiit Sherman^ recom- loars was In givingorder moio^ limine. than Ion foui-tce-^ n these moiowasloacs thanfnnn weie^ In^ the bought^ lii-tric-^ t, notthwest weighed bee-be - MENACE f OFFICE! i Ewing's Report^ I 47.000,000 Copies flie^ upon danger^ the Patents^ Patent ThomasOfhV annual teport duiing patents (^1011) to- making^ patent a^ totaland labels, the Patent and 7,871. of this bu-lea- u $,J,Q0U,770 1914, a bnl-anc-I", (^) e the uddidTreasuiy^ to Patent office^ of growing^ the^ the^ attention worse.Patent for^ points sale^ outto and^ are as^ "scat- they tween bought twelve-am-from i (^) a northwesttliiiteeu baker,ounces weigh-One, ed chased notthwest 11 ounces.ttoni Kcttlon aThis baker loaf In also the wascentral pur- ern^0 northeastounces^ was^ put^ chasedThe^ loaf^ In^ weighingthe^ east- Hakeis Staleasscil^ Bread that Lighter.arlous (^) loaves of their weight lucid glows ai- b'.'.M-^ In weight,us the andbread that grows the Male. dom is Themoio Hist than (^) ailation.an ounce. though, An effort sel- Itolinidp naves.^ eliminate^ by^ bmlng^ ilic^ secondonly^ freshylvnilatlon^ bakedwas The (^) (Continuedweighing madeon (^) Second today hasPage.) no con KISSED BEFORE (^) WIFE" HE SUES (^) FOR $1, C" (^) Griffin (^) Asks Damages frt ivi PUam,,oiiuius r!-l-wins (^9) Lmorace in Casino (^) Theater. he^ Damage was (^) Mrl^ I,,^ the,,y^ sumron)s^ of^ $I..Vhi^ because Pie3once of (^) ,this (^) .Inml,uwife (^) while HIO at (^) )if)1((1the Casinof suit todav tiled bv (^) c. (^) MasonIC (^) ,JlHtrkn (^) auriln s iin....- HiaIIIU^ ..commits W.,,n^ ...,Snan.r.l (^) fl fU )wl..,.ln^ n,n ,w,.iin..

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uhn ,.i. ,^ ,,,i^ v',.;".:'?.""^ rr.ri.-^ v.;uro X.air Griffin.&^ ed r. aiiKiiisu i..n.. (^) .....Iand"^ ".""'.Krcinmade '""mental^ that nnlnthe neta ridicule. ,nn:iCLr.!.t.,,'.1.;0't'!...., hliu^ a^ subject^ of r1J;rv';ri;;-((;ri'V.u.;-.....,,^ ,,,.-.,.-^ ,,,,^ ... I.Wtng^ ,^ ho^ paid-^50 iranfcer^ i^ ()t,--- 11,^ H^ nlelna ladv snul didtsaid (^) VieveKlulr plaintiff ,o ,t iV (^) i'" (^) as" ladwill (^) ofdid raidkiss pL.lnflffthe pi' (^) TrtthXima (^) Hln'iK did no lis

WILSON FINDS

nirnnill TU^ IM uirribuiiT m FILLING (^) WU

WARD PLANS

Personnel Supposed to Be De- finitely Decided (^) on, But Changes May Be (^) Made If Re- fusals Are^ Reconsidered. Public Reception of Names Heretofore Put Out Fails to Produce Enthusiasm in Any Circles. ,..IJV (^) ii.ncAtrJUUWll fV.. ti.L.iEiLilI i tirt?n V (^) CIV. The personnel of the Trades Commission, supposed to have been irrevocably decided by Presi dent likely Wilson,to be is,changed as^ a^ matter before of^ fact,the nominations are sent to Congress. Public reception of the tentative list of names heretofore put out as substantially decided^ upon^ for the commission either enthusiasm has (^) ornot confidence,^ produced in or out of Administration circles. On V excellent authority it^ was has^ ItdlliU tendered^ iwuay appointments^ inn,^ ,n^ ivditii,.,nsOil^ this^ --^ p.^ i.,,^ ,nn,o^ frnm^ l.r4MA commission to a long list of thor- oughly representative men, and that the tender has been declined in so many instances that the Pres- ident has become a^ good^ deal^ dis- gusted ting together over^ thea bodyprospects of men^ of get-that may be relied upon to make the new law worth while and to^ build the commission into^ a^ teal plaice^ in public confidence. This^ Close trades^ To commission,President's^ it^ Heart.Is^ explained by lies close very (^) closefriends to ofthe the heait Admlnlstiatlon of the Pies-iden- t. stands, Heas alwasconsiders in^ suchthe^ lawcases,^ as isIt meie-l-^ now y course,^ a^ beginning, a suggestion^ n^ ague of^ chartingthe character^ of^ a and Intent (Continued of^ a^ onpolicy (^) Fifth^ that Pase.) is^ yet^ to WILSON TO CONFER ON (^) EXTRA SESSION NEUTRAL (^) NATIONS TO

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liliKMAJN W^ AK ASK UNITED STATES (^) TO LEAD FRENCH SHELLS SET H TO^ GERMANS AMMUNITION TRAIN Twenty-fiv- e Supply Wagons De- stroyed by Big (^) Guns in (^) the Woevre (^) Region.

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Three Prussian Officers Dashed to (^) EarthKaiser Renews 'Attack in^ Alsace. to^ PA a^ HIStrain^ Feb of^ twenty-fiv-rrench e shellsammunition^ et^ fire and gion, supplvcausing wagons (^) their totalIn (^) the destruction, Woevre re-It wa front icporledlodn (itberIn dispatches nitlllery frombatteries the In Hie (^) the enemy, same withregion considerable (^) dispersed convoyslosses. of Ficnch^ This^ remarkableartillery^ workeffectiveness was further^ of rni-the - fiont dicll. aroundfrom a Rhflms.distance (^) ofThere several a (^) Frenchmiles, lore n hole balloon thiough inside a Herman(lie (^) Merman lints aviator (^) The lrported lnlloon thatcollapsed three (^) GermanFrench officer" positions who were were (^) dashedstnvejlng to theearth French and Kill. .I Attlllery^ KiRbtinR (^) (ontlhts^ Resumed lontlnue^ In^ Alsace.from Arras southward showing (^) supeiiurltyto (^) Hheims, in withthe theshelling French of ti cate cliches a resumption Dispatches of thefrom (^) fighting Alsace around Indi- Hartmannswellei. me (^) renewing their (^) whn.attack (^) uponthe (Jermansa strong position (^) on a hill. Reverses (^) Cause Reign Of Terror in (^) Bohemia I? LONDON.sweeping^ FebBohemia^ fi.-^ -A (^) becausereign^ ofof^ terrorAus- trian of the defeats, Exchange (^) the HemeeTIegraph (^) coi respondentwired to- day. from (^) reliableHis (^) Information, sources (^) 4n hePrague. said, (^) came Ihe^ Military entire^ lawprovince.^ now^ prevailsThere^ overhav^ nearly wholesale ticians. Inarrests of (^) editors and beenpoli- penalty has somebeen (^) oidered.Instances^ the^ death revolts,^ Thus^ farthe^ there (^) correspondent^ have^ been^ no^ wired,organized (^) but the population is (^) extremelv restles carsFelevaTTd t "vt^ t III mWtmm-'fKn- m^ : mil MijHr,, f Who conferred MINISTERwith Acting^ W. Secretary^ L.^ F.^ C. ofVAN (^) State^ RAPPARD, Lansing today in (^) regard to a proposed world-wid-^ e protest against the German "paper Weird Tale (^) of I.O.O.F. Orderly (^) Brings Probe Mysterious Deaths Investigated by (^) Yonker's Offi- cials and Use of Chloroform to Dispose of Aged Is Charged in Confession of Er.,)loye. NW YORK,^ Feb.^ 6.^ The^ weird^ tale^ told^ by^ Frederick Mors, a former orderly in the Yonkers Odd Fellows' Home for (^) aged people, that he murdered eight of the inmates "just to put them (^) out of the way," is the cause of four persons being in jail today (^) pending further investigations by the coroner. Mors' astonishing story, in part has been (^) corroborated by three other porters at^ the^ place.^ Mors^ now ww (^) t RESIST ZUJNli (^) DEtKEli: BLOCKADf TAKEN (^) UP n PRESIDENT^ BT COUNSaOR (^) L1SING World-Wid- e (^) Concert of Action in Interest of Peaceful Ship- ping Is Probable. WASHINGTON IS (^) "SOUNDED" Netherlands Minister^ Holds^ Long Conference With Acting Secretary of State. , For the purpose of ascertaining whether the United (^) States would consent to join with other neutral nations in (^) protesting against the German "war zone" decree, Che-ali-^ er W. L. F. (^) C. van Rappard. minister to the United States from The Netherlands, had a long con- ference tary of Statetoday Robert with Acting Secre- The subject matterLansing. between Chevalierof thevan^ intci-vie-Rap-^ w pard State, and the'^ Acting Secretary of "confidentialdescribed by^ Mr.^ Lansing^ as laid before Presidentand^ informal," was afternoon. Mr. LansingWilson this about an hour with the President,spent during Dutch which the proposition of the considered.minister^ was^ thoroughly No Official Note. President,^ After^ his long^ conference^ with^ the ing to discussLansing, while^ declin- terview with thethe details^ of^ his^ in- ister, admitted Netherlands^ min- the German decree.that^ it^ Inrelated to nection he stated that the thisGovern-^ con- ment firmation is^ stillof without official con- lin that the the^ reports^ from^ Ber- notice of blockade.decree^ is^ intended^ as^ a

Library of Congress

A Stern Condemnation

From the May 18, 1916, edition of the Chicago Daily News , a satirical portrayal of President Woodrow Wilson getting tough with his foreign policy toward Germany. While most of Europe was involved in war, the United States had long tried to maintain a policy of neutrality.

Library of Congress

A Fatal Voyage

The Historical Significance of the RMS Lusitania’s Transatlantic Voyage Run Time: 7 Minutes Video🔗

Extension Activity: The Military Lens Music and Media Propaganda as Recruitment Tools

The Draft

In previous conflicts such as the Civil War, the United States had utilized conscription. World War I, however, marked the first time the nation's military raised its army primarily through a draft. To balance federal power with state autonomy, local civilian draft boards administered the selective service system. A national campaign utilizing posters, printed materials, films, and music helped the government convey the legal requirement for men to register with the selective service or to enlist. It was a struggle for officials to forge a unified fighting force from a segregated military consisting mostly of native-born whites, American Indians, and African Americans, along with large numbers of immigrants. The draft raised questions about patriotism and the obligations of citizenship, especially the duty to serve. The U.S. War Department created the status of "conscientious objector" for Americans who viewed military service as a violation of their religious, ethical, or political beliefs. Conscription, Enlistment & Conscientious Objectors in the U.S. Military