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Question 1. What is the primary purpose of the 'strict_types' declaration in PHP? A) To enable type hinting for functions B) To enforce strict type checking for parameter types and return values C) To allow implicit type conversions D) To improve performance of type handling Answer: B Explanation: The 'strict_types' declaration enforces strict type checking on function calls, ensuring that argument types exactly match declared type hints, increasing code reliability. Question 2. Which control structure evaluates an expression against multiple values and executes corresponding blocks? A) if-else B) switch C) for loop D) while loop Answer: B Explanation: The switch statement compares an expression against multiple case values and executes the matching block, useful for multi- way branching.
Question 3. Which operator is used to perform a logical AND operation in PHP? A) & B) && C) || D)! Answer: B Explanation: The '&&' operator performs a logical AND, returning true if both operands are true; '&' is a bitwise AND. Question 4. What is the scope of a variable declared inside a function? A) Global B) Local to the function C) Accessible throughout the script D) Static Answer: B Explanation: Variables declared inside a function are local to that function and cannot be accessed outside it unless declared global. Question 5. How do you define a constant in PHP? A) define('CONSTANT_NAME', value); B) const CONSTANT_NAME = value;
Explanation: Type hinting specifies expected data types for parameters and return types, enabling stricter type checking for better code robustness. Question 8. Which function is used to create an anonymous function in PHP? A) function() {} B) anonymous() {} C) create_closure() D) lambda() {} Answer: A Explanation: The 'function() {}' syntax defines an anonymous function, also known as a closure, which can be assigned to variables. Question 9. How do you define an arrow function in PHP? A) function() => expression; B) fn() => expression; C) lambda() => expression; D) arrow() => expression; Answer: B Explanation: PHP 7.4 introduced arrow functions using 'fn() => expression;', providing concise syntax for single-expression functions.
Question 10. Which array function returns the keys of an array? A) array_keys() B) array_values() C) array_flip() D) array_search() Answer: A Explanation: 'array_keys()' returns all the keys from an array, useful for key-based operations. Question 11. What does the 'array_merge()' function do? A) Combines multiple arrays into one, appending elements B) Merges two arrays into an associative array C) Merges two arrays by replacing duplicate keys D) Merges array elements into a string Answer: A Explanation: 'array_merge()' combines multiple arrays, appending elements and reindexing numeric keys. Question 12. Which PHP function is used to replace parts of a string matching a pattern? A) str_replace()
Explanation: Exceptions are handled by wrapping code in try blocks and catching exceptions with catch; finally executes cleanup code. Question 15. Which class is used to represent date and time immutability in PHP? A) DateTimeImmutable B) DateTimeMutable C) DateImmutable D) TimeImmutable Answer: A Explanation: 'DateTimeImmutable' provides immutable date-time objects, preventing modifications after creation. Question 16. Which PHP superglobal contains data submitted via forms with method GET? A) $_GET B) $_POST C) $_REQUEST D) $_FORM Answer: A Explanation: '$_GET' contains data sent through URL parameters using the GET method.
Question 17. How do you start a session in PHP? A) session_start(); B) start_session(); C) begin_session(); D) init_session(); Answer: A Explanation: 'session_start();' initializes session management, enabling storage of user data across pages. Question 18. Which PHP magic method is invoked when an object is converted to a string? A) __toString() B) __get() C) __call() D) __serialize() Answer: A Explanation: '__toString()' defines how an object is represented as a string, called automatically in string contexts. Question 19. How do you clone an object in PHP? A) clone $object;
D) Collection Answer: A Explanation: Implementing 'Iterator' interface requires methods like current(), next(), key(), valid(), rewind() to enable object iteration. Question 22. Which keyword is used to implement inheritance in PHP? A) extends B) implements C) inherits D) extendsClass Answer: A Explanation: 'extends' indicates that a class inherits from a parent class, gaining its properties and methods. Question 23. What purpose does an 'abstract class' serve in PHP? A) To provide a base class with incomplete methods that must be implemented by subclasses B) To create a class that cannot be instantiated C) To define a class with only static methods D) To enforce singleton pattern Answer: A
Explanation: Abstract classes serve as templates with abstract methods that subclasses must implement, facilitating polymorphism. Question 24. Which trait feature allows resolving method conflicts in PHP? A) use keyword with aliasing B) trait conflict resolution with 'insteadof' and 'as' C) method overloading D) trait inheritance Answer: B Explanation: 'insteadof' and 'as' keywords resolve naming conflicts when multiple traits define methods with the same name. Question 25. How do you declare a namespace in PHP? A) namespace MyNamespace; B) package MyNamespace; C) module MyNamespace; D) namespace { } Answer: A Explanation: The 'namespace' keyword declares a namespace, organizing classes and avoiding name conflicts.
A) __invoke() B) __call() C) __toString() D) __callStatic() Answer: A Explanation: '__invoke()' allows an object to be called like a function, enabling function-like behavior. Question 29. How do you perform a shallow clone of an object? A) clone $object; B) deep_clone($object); C) copy($object); D) cloneObject($object); Answer: A Explanation: 'clone' creates a shallow copy where object properties are copied by reference unless explicitly cloned. Question 30. Which security vulnerability involves injecting malicious SQL code? A) SQL Injection B) XSS C) CSRF
D) File Inclusion Answer: A Explanation: SQL Injection exploits vulnerabilities in input handling, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands. Question 31. Which PHP function is used to hash passwords securely? A) password_hash() B) hash_password() C) md5() D) crypt() Answer: A Explanation: 'password_hash()' creates a secure, salted hash suitable for storing user passwords, recommended over md5 or crypt. Question 32. What is the main goal of prepared statements in database interactions? A) To prevent SQL injection by separating query structure and data B) To speed up query execution C) To simplify query syntax D) To enable multiple queries in one statement Answer: A
Question 35. Which HTTP method is typically used to update resources via REST API? A) GET B) POST C) PUT D) DELETE Answer: C Explanation: 'PUT' is used to update existing resources in RESTful APIs, following REST conventions. Question 36. What does the 'Content-Type' header specify in HTTP requests and responses? A) The media type of the resource content B) The size of the content C) The URL of the resource D) The encoding of the URL Answer: A Explanation: 'Content-Type' indicates the media type (e.g., application/json) of the data being sent or received. Question 37. Which PHP library or extension is primarily used for working with SOAP web services?
A) SoapClient B) cURL C) XMLReader D) SimpleXML Answer: A Explanation: 'SoapClient' class in PHP enables consuming and interacting with SOAP-based web services. Question 38. Which design pattern restricts class instantiation to a single object? A) Singleton B) Factory C) Strategy D) Observer Answer: A Explanation: Singleton pattern ensures only one instance of a class exists, providing a global access point. Question 39. Which PHP package manager is used for managing dependencies? A) Composer B) NPM
Explanation: Both Redis and Memcached are in-memory caches used to improve application performance. Question 42. Which PHP extension is used for Xdebug? A) Xdebug extension B) Zend Debugger C) Both A and B D) PHP Debugger Answer: C Explanation: Xdebug and Zend Debugger are extensions used for debugging and profiling PHP code. Question 43. Which pattern involves a class responsible for creating objects without specifying the exact class? A) Factory B) Singleton C) Observer D) Decorator Answer: A Explanation: Factory pattern abstracts object creation, enabling flexibility and decoupling in code.
Question 44. What is the main benefit of using the MVC pattern in web frameworks? A) Separation of concerns among data, presentation, and control logic B) Faster database access C) Simplified URL routing only D) Automatic code generation Answer: A Explanation: MVC separates data (Model), user interface (View), and control logic (Controller), improving maintainability. Question 45. How do you declare a static property in a PHP class? A) public static $property; B) static $property; C) var static $property; D) static public $property; Answer: D Explanation: Static properties are declared with 'public static' (or other visibility modifiers) and accessed with ClassName::$property. Question 46. Which method is used in PHPUnit to verify that code produces expected results? A) assertEquals()
