Análisis de texto desordenado sobre informática y ciencia de la computación, Monografías, Ensayos de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente

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]KYIK ]KFBF _KFKGKF CBNK]K]KYIK ]KFBF _KFKGKF CBNK]K

htp<//www.arbb-pwbrpef-bgpnkbs-obsejf.ightp<//www.arbb-pwbrpef-bgpnkbs-obsejf.ig

Koetek Guhkgko TKoetek Guhkgko T ???4;8==25???4;8==

Kakf JkakrKakf Jkakr ???4;8==19???4;8==

Knbxkfobr YKnbxkfobr Y ???4;8==11???4;8==

Ksbp YkepunnhKsbp Ykepunnh ???4;:==:2???4;:==:

HHkkooee ZZeellkkyykk ?????? 44 ;; 88 ====?? 99

TTkkaannee TTkkeeffkknnooee ?????? 44 ;; 88 ====??==

YYeejjeett TTeeyykkffooee ?????? 44 ;; 88 ==== 11 ::

]KYIK]KFBF D]KYIK]KFBF D

KFJJ@_KFJJ@_KK CBN@G]@CBN@G]@CC

Granje KckrGranje Kckr

__kfkgkfkfkgkf CbnkpkCbnkpk

KckrKckr tkfkgkftkfkgkf cbnkpkcbnkpk gbrupkckfgbrupkckf

kckr sbrkdut gbscepuf dbjetu kckrkckr sbrkdut gbscepuf dbjetu kckr

cbnkpk desk gksuc cboknkg tkfkhcbnkpk desk gksuc cboknkg tkfkh

hefjjkhefjjk cboknkgkfcboknkgkf 88 gbtbrgbtbr okfokf

gbfybdkr sbikrk hrezftkn hefjjkgbfybdkr sbikrk hrezftkn hefjjk

;1;1 gbtbr.gbtbr. KckrKckr cbnkpkcbnkpk okpktokpkt

gbfibjkhgbfibjkh brsebrse tkfkh,tkfkh, etunkhetunkh

gbfjkpkgbfjkpk dkfykcdkfykc tkfkgkftkfkgkf cbnkpkcbnkpk

oetkfkg oe pbseser pkftke.oetkfkg oe pbseser pkftke.

Granje Dktkfj _kfkgkf CbnkpkGranje Dktkfj _kfkgkf Cbnkpk

_kfkgkf cbnkpk gbrupkckf tkfkgkf gfcten ykfj teokc gbgenece_kfkgkf cbnkpk gbrupkckf tkfkgkf gfcten ykfj teokc gbgenece

ckgdeug. Dktkfj tkfkgkf cbnkpk hkfyk gbgenece sktu tetec tugduhckgdeug. Dktkfj tkfkgkf cbnkpk hkfyk gbgenece sktu tetec tugduh

ykcfe pkok dkjekf ulufj dktkfj. Cbibpktkf pbrtugduhkf dktkfjykcfe pkok dkjekf ulufj dktkfj. Cbibpktkf pbrtugduhkf dktkfj

tkfkgkf cbnkpk dbrdbok- dbok. Rgugfyk tkfkgkf cbnkpk okpkttkfkgkf cbnkpk dbrdbok- dbok. Rgugfyk tkfkgkf cbnkpk okpkt

gbfikpke cbtefjjekf hefjjk 9= gbtbr okf oekgbtbr dktkfjfyk 4= ’gbfikpke cbtefjjekf hefjjk 9= gbtbr okf oekgbtbr dktkfjfyk 4= ’

9= ig.9= ig.

okf 12 pkskfj hbnkeokf 12 pkskfj hbnke okuf uftuc tkfkgkf cbnkpk obwksk.okuf uftuc tkfkgkf cbnkpk obwksk.

Granje Dufjk _kfkgkf CbnkpkGranje Dufjk _kfkgkf Cbnkpk

DufjkDufjk cbnkpkcbnkpk oecbfknoecbfkn obfjkfobfjkf estenkhestenkh

efanrbsibftekefanrbsibftek ktkuktku gkfjjkr.gkfjjkr. GkfjjkrGkfjjkr

gbgenece tkfjcke utkgk ykfj gbgenece 9=-gbgenece tkfjcke utkgk ykfj gbgenece 9=-

?=?= ikdkfj.ikdkfj. DufjkDufjk dbtefkdbtefk tbrnbtkctbrnbtkc pkokpkok

pkfjcknpkfjckn ikdkfj-ikdkfjikdkfj-ikdkfj efeefe sbokfjckfsbokfjckf

dufjkdufjk lkftkffyklkftkffyk kokkok oeoe dkjekfdkjekf ulufj.ulufj.

DufjkDufjk dbtefkdbtefk ucurkffykucurkffyk nbdehnbdeh dbskrdbskr

obfjkfobfjkf oekgbtbroekgbtbr 99 igig okfokf gbgenecegbgenece 99

cbnpkc ykfj nbdkr okf hkgper gbfutupecbnpkc ykfj nbdkr okf hkgper gbfutupe

dkjekfdkjekf dufjkdufjk nkeffyk,nkeffyk, putecfykputecfyk teokcteokc

dbrtkfjcke okf tbrokpkt 1 dbfkfj skre.dbrtkfjcke okf tbrokpkt 1 dbfkfj skre.

Granje Dukh _kfkgkf CbnkpkGranje Dukh _kfkgkf Cbnkpk

Dukh cbnkpk dbrdbftuc dunkt, kjkc vknDukh cbnkpk dbrdbftuc dunkt, kjkcvkntbroere okre dbdbrkpk dkjekf, yketu<tbroere okre dbdbrkpk dkjekf, yketu< obfjkf ucurkf nbdeh dbskr okreobfjkf ucurkf nbdeh dbskr okre cbpknk gkfusek. Dukh cbnkpkcbpknk gkfusek. Dukh cbnkpk

=;=;

Bpeikrp ktku cunet tbrnukr ykfjBpeikrp ktku cunet tbrnukr ykfj wkrfkfyk tbrjkftufj vkrebtks cbnkpkwkrfkfyk tbrjkftufj vkrebtks cbnkpk tbrsbdut, kok ykfj helku, cufefjtbrsbdut, kok ykfj helku, cufefj gkupuf rkfjbgkupufrkfjb

=4=

Gbsikrp ykfj cetk cbfknGbsikrp ykfj cetk cbfkn sbdkjke skdut cbnkpksbdkjke skdut cbnkpk

=9=

Bfoikrp ktku tbgpurufj cbnkpkBfoikrp ktku tbgpurufj cbnkpk ktku deksk oecbfkn obfjkf dktcktku deksk oecbfkn obfjkf dktc cbnkpkcbnkpk

=?=?

]uteh nbgdkjk, cetk gbfjbfknfyk]uteh nbgdkjk, cetk gbfjbfknfyk sbdkjke okjefj cbnkpk ykfj desksbdkjke okjefj cbnkpk ykfj desk oecfsugseoecfsugse

Koo IftbftsKoo Iftbfts

Koo IftbftsKoo Iftbfts

Koo IftbftsKoo Iftbfts

Koo IftbftsKoo Iftbfts

=2=

Ker cbnkpk ykfj tbroere okre ?%Ker cbnkpk ykfj tbroere okre ?% gefbrkn okf 4% junkgefbrkn okf 4% junk

Bgdreykfj gbrupkckf tetec tugduhBgdre ykfj gbrupkckf tetec tugduh =1=1 cbnkpk leck dele cbnkpk dbrcbikgdkhcbnkpk leck dele cbnkpk dbrcbikgdkh

]ksik ]kfbf Cbnkpk]ksik ]kfbf Cbnkpk

]bfkfjkfkf pksik pkfbf pkok dukh cbnkpk]bfkfjkfkf pksik pkfbf pkok dukh cbnkpk guok ykfj oejufkckf sbdkjke gefugkf yketuguok ykfj oejufkckf sbdkjke gefugkf yketu

dukhdukh pbfugpuckfpbfugpuckf cbnkpkcbnkpk dukhdukh oesegpkfoesegpkf sbikrksbikrk (^) vbrteckn,vbrteckn,obfjkfobfjkf obfjkfobfjkfikrkikrk dbftuc perkgeok oknkg juokfj ykfj cbrefjdbftuc perkgeok oknkg juokfj ykfj cbrefj okfokf dbruokrkdbruokrk sbjkr,sbjkr, teokcteokc dirdir okfokf suhusuhu uokrk oknkg juokfj dbrceskr kftkrk 42-4:I.uokrk oknkg juokfj dbrceskr kftkrk 42-4:I. Ker dukh cbnkpk okpkt oepbrjufkckf sbdkjkeKer dukh cbnkpk okpkt oepbrjufkckf sbdkjke dkhkf gefugkf sbjkr, dkhkf pbgdukt iuck,dkhkf gefugkf sbjkr, dkhkf pbgdukt iuck,

dkhkf pbgdukt cbikp, dkhckf gbflkoe sknkhdkhkf pbgdukt cbikp, dkhckf gbflkoe sknkhsktusktu gboekgboek pbrtugduhkfpbrtugduhkf dkjedkje pbgdekckfpbgdekckf kfjjrbckfjjrbc ktkuktku gbtobgbtob pbrcbgdkfjkfpbrcbgdkfjkf dedetdedet

@cseokse nbgkc dkhkf pkfjkf oepbfjkruhe nbh@cseokse nbgkc dkhkf pkfjkf oepbfjkruhenbh nuksnuks pbrguckkfpbrguckkf dkhkfdkhkf ykfjykfj cftkccftkc obfjkfobfjkf csejbf. Ybnkef etu,csejbf oe oknkg cbgkskfcsejbf. Ybnkef etu,csejbf oe oknkg cbgkskf lujklujk okpktokpkt gbgpbribpktgbgpbribpkt pbrtugduhkpbrtugduhkff gecrrjkfesgb kbr`d, gbfjudkh rksk, wkrfk,gecrrjkfesgb kbrd, gbfjudkh rksk, wkrfk, okf krgkokf krgk dkhckf pbfudkhckf pbfurufkfrufkf fenke jeze dkfenke jeze dkhkfhkf pkfjkf. Cbsbnuruhkf pbrudkhkf efe gbfurufckfpkfjkf. Cbsbnuruhkf pbrudkhkf efe gbfurufckf gksk segpkf prouc. Cbgkskf okpktgksk segpkf prouc. Cbgkskf okpkt gbnefoufjegbnefoufje dkhkf pkfjkf okre cbruskckf kcedktcseokse okfdkhkf pkfjkf okre cbruskckf kcedkt `cseokse okf

ikhkyk. @nbh sbdkd etu, pbgenehkf lbfes cbgkskfikhkyk. @nbh sbdkd etu, pbgenehkf lbfes cbgkskfpbrnupbrnu gbgpbrhkteckfgbgpbrhkteckf ckrkctbrestecckrkctbrestec pbrgbkdenetksfyk tbrhkokp ukp ker okf csejbf.pbrgbkdenetksfyk tbrhkokp ukp ker okfcsejbf.

_bcfnje okf cbjektkf pksik pkfbf cbnkpk_bcfnje okf cbjektkf pksik pkfbf cbnkpk oeoe tefjckttefjckt pbtkfe,pbtkfe, ykfjykfj tbrsboektbrsboek okfokf dbrnkfjsufj,dbrnkfjsufj, suokhsuokh dbrkjkg,dbrkjkg, okreokre ykfjykfj skfjktskfjkt sbobrhkfksbobrhkfk skgpkeskgpke dbdbrkpkdbdbrkpk ykfjykfj suokhsuokh ikfjjeh,ikfjjeh, sbpbrtesbpbrte pbgduktkfpbgduktkf junk,junk, cprk, gefykc jrbfj, ktku cbnkpk cbrefj.cprk, gefykc jrbfj, ktku cbnkpk cbrefj. Fkguf, tbcfnje pksik pkfbf ykfj sbikrkFkguf, tbcfnje pksik pkfbf ykfj sbikrk strktbjesstrktbjes okpkt obfjkf guokh tbrlkfjckuokpkt obfjkf guokh tbrlkfjcku

nbhnbh tefjckttefjckt pbtkfepbtkfe koknkhkoknkh oknkgoknkg pbgduktkf cprk okf okjefj cbnkpk cbrefjpbgduktkf cprk okf okjefj cbnkpk cbrefj

]tbfse]tbfse gbfjuftufjckfgbfjuftufjckf cbnkpkcbnkpk dbnugdbnug oeerefjeoeerefje obfjkf pbrsboekkf gktbrekn cbnkpk ykfj gbgkokeobfjkf pbrsboekkf gktbrekn cbnkpk ykfj gbgkoke okf pbfkfjkfkf pksikpkfbf ptegkn oknkg hkn efeokf pbfkfjkfkf pksikpkfbfptegkn oknkg hkn efe pbfyegpkfkf.pbfyegpkfkf. OkjefjOkjefj dukhdukh cbnkpkcbnkpk gbgpufykegbgpufyke ckfoufjkfckfoufjkf nbgkcnbgkc 9=.:;%,9=.:;%, prtbefprtbef ?.59%,?.59%, ckrdheorkt 14.9% okf kskg nbgkc nkurkt ?1.5%.ckrdheorkt 14.9% okf kskg nbgkc nkurkt ?1.5%. CkfoufjkfCkfoufjkf cegekcegek tbrsbduttbrsbdut gbflkoegbflkoe pbfybdkdpbfybdkd cbruskckfcbruskckf pkokpkok cbnkpkcbnkpk cpyr.cpyr. CbruskckfCbruskckf ykfjykfj sbrefj tbrlkoe pkok dkhkf pkfjkf dbrnbgkc koknkhsbrefj tbrlkoe pkok dkhkf pkfjkf dbrnbgkc koknkh cbtbfjeckf okf pbrudkhkf wkrfk okjefj dukh okrecbtbfjeckf okf pbrudkhkf wkrfk okjefj dukh okre putehputeh gbflkoegbflkoe cufefjcufefj cbicnktkf.cbicnktkf. ]rsbs]rsbs cbruskckf oesbdkdckf nbh pbrestewkcseoktea okfcbruskckf oesbdkdckf nbh pbrestewkcseoktea okf heornesesheorneses nbgkc.nbgkc. ]rsbs]rsbs heornesesheorneses nbgkcnbgkc oesbdkdckfoesbdkdckf bfzegbfzeg okfokf gecrdkgecrdk oknkgoknkg cfoesecfoese cbnbgdkdkfcbnbgdkdkf okfokf suhusuhu ykfjykfj bcstreg.bcstreg. YbnkefYbnkef etuetu cfoesecfoese tbrsbduttbrsbdut okpktokpkt gbgpbribpktgbgpbribpkt cseoksecseokse nbgkc, cbteck nbgkc cftkc obfjkfcsejbf.nbgkc, cbteck nbgkc cftkc obfjkfcsejbf.

sbikrk ef vetr.sbikrk ef vetr.

@nkhkf Cbnkpk@nkhkf Cbnkpk

KK DD

II

E hpb kfo E dbnebvb thkt thes _bgpnktb wenn yur _egb,E hpb kfo E dbnebvb thkt thes _bgpnktb wenn yur _egb, Gfby kfo Tbputktef. Jbt k gobrf ]wbr]eftGfby kfo Tbputktef. Jbt k gobrf ]wbr]eft ]rbsbftktef thkt es dbkuteaunny obsejfbo. Uu ikf]rbsbftktef thkt es dbkuteaunny obsejfbo. Uu ikf segpny egprbss yur kuoebfib kfo koo k ufequb zefjsegpny egprbss yur kuoebfib kfo koo k ufequb zefj kfo kppbkn tyur ]rbsbftktefs. Bksy t ihkfjbkfo kppbkn tyur ]rbsbftktefs. Bksy t ihkfjb inrs, phtsinrs, phts kfo _bxtkfo _bxt

Uur _Uur _bxt Hbrbbxt Hbrb

Ykftkf cbnkpk koknkh hksen bcstrkcse okjefj dukh cbnkpk ykfjYkftkf cbnkpk koknkh hksen bcstrkcse okjefj dukh cbnkpk ykfjdkfykcdkfykc oepbrjuoepbrjufkckffkckf uftucuftuc gbgkskcgbgkskc okfokf efoustreefoustre cub-cubcub-cub

okfokf rte.rte. YbikrkYbikrk trkousefkntrkousefkn skftkfskftkf oeduktoedukt obfjkfobfjkf ikrkikrk

gbgkrutgbgkrut okjefjokjefj dukhdukh cbnkpkcbnkpk cbguoekfcbguoekf gbfjbcstrkcfykgbfjbcstrkcfyk

obfjkf ker hkfjkt nknu gbgbrks okf gbgdukfj kgpksfyk.obfjkf ker hkfjkt nknu gbgbrks okf gbgdukfj kgpksfyk.

Fkguf ikrk tbFkguf ikrk tbrsbdut oekfjrsbdut oekfjjkp suokh teokc prjkp suokh teokc prkctes nkje, ckrbkctes nkje, ckrbfkfk

gbfjhkdesckf tbfkjk. Oeskgpefj etu skftkf ykfj oehksenckfgbfjhkdesckf tbfkjk. Oeskgpefj etu skftkf ykfj oehksenckf

rbnktea teokc tkhkf nkgk ckrbfk skftkf gbfjkfoufj prtbef,rbnktea teokc tkhkf nkgk ckrbfk skftkf gbfjkfoufj prtbef,

vetkgef,vetkgef, junk,junk, nbgkc,nbgkc, okfokf gefbrkngefbrkn ykfjykfj gbrupkckfgbrupkckf gboekgboek

ykfj dkec uftuc pbrtugduhkf gecrdk.ykfj dkec uftuc pbrtugduhkf gecrdk.

]bgduktkf Ykftkf Cbnkpk]bgduktkf Ykftkf Cbnkpk

Bksy tihkfjbBksy t ihkfjb inrs, phtsinrs, phts kfo _bxt.kfo _bxt.

Bksy tihkfjbBksy t ihkfjb inrs, phtsinrs, phts kfo _bxt.kfo _bxt.

IftbftsIftbfts Bksy tihkfjbBksy t ihkfjb inrs, phtsinrs, phts kfo _bxt.kfo _bxt.

IftbftsIftbfts

]bgduktkf Gefykc Cbnkpk]bgduktkf Gefykc Cbnkpk

Ykftkf cbnkpk koknkh hksen bcstrkcse okjefj dukh cbnkpkYkftkf cbnkpk koknkh hksen bcstrkcse okjefj dukh cbnkpk

ykfj dkfykc oepbrjufkckf uftuc gbgkskc okf efoustre cub-ykfj dkfykc oepbrjufkckf uftuc gbgkskc okf efoustre cub-

cub okf rte. Ybikrk trkoesefkn skftkf oedukt obfjkf ikrkcub okf rte. Ybikrk trkoesefkn skftkf oedukt obfjkf ikrk

gbgkrutgbgkrut okjefjokjefj dukhdukh cbnkpkcbnkpk cbguoekfcbguoekf gbfjbcstrkcfykgbfjbcstrkcfyk

obfjkf ker hkfjkt nknu gbgbrks okf gbgdukfj kgpksfyk.obfjkf ker hkfjkt nknu gbgbrks okf gbgdukfj kgpksfyk.

FkgufFkguf ckrbfkckrbfk gbfjhkdesckfgbfjhkdesckfikrkikrk tbrsbduttbrsbdut tbfkjk.tbfkjk.oekfjjkpoekfjjkp OeskgpefjOeskgpefj suokhsuokh teokcteokc etuetu prkctesprkctesskftkfskftkf ykfjykfjnkje,nkje,

oehksenckf rbnktea teokc tkhkf nkgk ckrbfk skftkf gbfjkfoufjoehksenckf rbnktea teokc tkhkf nkgk ckrbfk skftkf gbfjkfoufj

prtbef,prtbef, vetkgef,vetkgef, junk,junk, nbgkc,nbgkc, okfokf gefbrkngefbrkn ykfjykfj gbrupkckfgbrupkckf

gboek ykfj dkec uftuc pbrtugduhkf gecrdk.gboek ykfj dkec uftuc pbrtugduhkf gecrdk.

CprkCprk koknkhkoknkh okjefjokjefj dukhdukh cbnkpkcbnkpk tuktuk ykfjykfj

oecbrefjckf. Oe Brpk cprk oenkh nkflut sbdkjkeoecbrefjckf. Oe Brpk cprk oenkh nkflut sbdkjke

dkhkf dkcu skdufdkhkf dkcu skduf okf gkrjkreokf gkrjkref. Cprk oepbrnuckf. Cprk oepbrnuckff

oknkg efoustre gefykc fkdkte, skduf, gkrjkrefoknkg efoustre gefykc fkdkte, skduf, gkrjkref

okfokf csgbteck.csgbteck. TbseouTbseou cprkcprk dekskfykdekskfyk

oepbrjufkckf sbdkjke pkckf tbrfkc. _brokpkt tejkoepbrjufkckf sbdkjke pkckf tbrfkc. _brokpkt tejk

lbfeslbfes cprkcprk ykfjykfj oecbfknoecbfkn oeoe oufekoufek yketuyketu (dbnn(dbnn

cprk, aefjbr cprk, okf iup cprk)cprk, aefjbr cprk, okf iup cprk)

]bgduktkf Cprk]bgduktkf Cprk

Cbnkpk pkrut cbrefjCbnkpk pkrut cbrefj

CbnkpkCbnkpk pkrutpkrut cbrefjcbrefj oepbrnbhoepbrnbh obfjkfobfjkf ikrkikrk

gbfjbrefjckf pkrutkf cbnkpk skgpke ckokr ker 9.2% okfgbfjbrefjckf pkrutkf cbnkpk skgpke ckokr ker 9.2% okf

ckokrckokr gefykcgefykc curkfjcurkfj okreokre 18%.18%. ]bgduktkf]bgduktkf obsseiktboobsseiktbo

iiiifut oenkcuckf obfjkf ikrk pbfjbrefjkf ibpkt pkokiiiifut oenkcuckf obfjkf ikrk pbfjbrefjkf ibpkt pkok

suhusuhu curkfjcurkfj nbdehnbdeh :=:=``I.I. ]bfjbrefjkf]bfjbrefjkf ibpktibpkt kckfkckf

gbgpbrtkhkfckf dku okf rksk dukh cbnkpk. ]rouc cbnkpkgbgpbrtkhkfckf dku okf rksk dukh cbnkpk. ]rouc cbnkpk

pkrutpkrut cbrefjcbrefj dbrcuknetkdbrcuknetkss dkjusdkjus hkrusnkhhkrusnkh dbrwkrfkdbrwkrfk putehputeh

dbrseh,dbrseh, dbrkgkdbrkgk cbnkpkcbnkpk ykfjykfj cukt,cukt, teokcteokc dbrdkudbrdku tbfjec,tbfjec,

rkskfyk gkfes jureh okf teokc tbrikpure ctrkf.rkskfyk gkfes jureh okf teokc tbrikpure ctrkf.