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ANGLÈS APLICAT A LA COMUNICACIÓ CIENTÍFICA: UNITATS
UNIT 1 - English versus Lingua Franca English; subtitles, captions and dubbing; correctness and fluency
This unit will have mostly theory. I will talk about the reasons why some countries dub and others subtitle, the debate around whether Catalan or Spanish subtitles when watching series in original version are a good or a bad thing, and then issues around ELFE (English as a Lingua Franca for Europe): how important is having the right accent? What is the priority when communicating? What are the most effective ways to attain fluency?
UNIT 2 - Carrying out research: scientific articles in journals, newspaper articles, books … state of the art
The main purpose of this unit is to reflect upon the job of the researcher, in general, and applied to the world of communication. What journals are there where the results of new findings are published? When one wants to investigate, the first step is to collect the latest findings, which is called the state-of-the-art. We will practice that.
UNIT 3 - Referencing and plagiarism.
Referencing: the need to quote when the idea is not yours; consequences of plagiarism; scientific hoaxes; specialized knowledge means people will have to trust you on your area of expertise; different systems – the key is being consistent. When should students start quoting? The case of treballs de fi de grau as an example of discrepancy in these issues will be presented. Piracy, patents, neoliberal policies: the Bill Gates and Tim Berners-Lee models will be compared.
UNIT 4 – Reviewing films (written and oral)
The opinion essay versus the for-and-against essay; these two versus the review; everything can be reviewed (concert, film, book, play); opinion in the new media (the blog and its many shapes); academic reviewing.
UNIT 5 - Spoken interaction
Speaking in public: rhythm, pace, keeping nerves under control, projecting one’s voice… In interaction there are elements, such as taking the floor, keeping the floor, interrupting politely, agreeing and disagreeing in subtle ways, that are more important than we might think.
UNIT 6 - Carrying out research (part II)
You will get another take of the job of the researcher (from a different researcher). We will insist on the same concepts, but having already handed in and received feedback on the outline paper. The plan is to take one step further and think of potential research projects you might want to get involved with.
ANGLÈS APLICAT A LA COMUNICACIÓ CINETÍFICA. XAVIER MARTÍN. ROOM: 2.24a
UNIT 1
- Is andaluz/valencià/LAPAO a language? It's political
WHAT IS A LANGUAGE?
1. Inter-intelligibility: We understand each other 2. Common historical roots, literary tradicions: 2000 years ago in Catalonia we spoke Iberian. Then the romans came and they spoke latin. Romans were more powerful, so then, in many years everybody here, in Catalonia, latin, but was a type of latin different from what romans talked. So the way we speak a language depends on historical roots. For example, in different parts of Italy, people speak a different type of Italian. People in Mallorca, Valencia and Catalonia speak their way but all is a language, that is the same: Catalan. We make a difference for political reasons, because we don't want to be together, so people in Valencia, for example, say that they speak Valencià because they don't want to say that they speak Catalan. The same happens with Spanish, there are many types of Spanish, so they don't talk the same way in Andalucía, in Madrid, etc. When Felipe González became the president everybody thought: "he speaks bad", because he spoke in the "andaluz" way. In English what happens is that the English from the U.K. and the U.S.A. has a prestige, and people prefer it. A prestige accent in Spain could be from Burgos. For this reason, Singapour English has no prestige, Jamaican English has no prestige, but U.K and U.S.A. English has prestige. Prestige is synonym of money. 3. Political will (voluntat política)
DEFINITIONS
VERNACULAR: It has many definitions:
- The way people speak in a community
- Linguistic variety before it has been codified (to codify a language is to make a rule for it).
- To have a polite way of speaking a language and another way for your everyday life (then, the way you speak for unimportant things is the vernacular)
- Caused by diglossia: It happens when people use a language to speak and another one to write (the language they use to speak is the vernacular)
Spanish was codified in 15th century. Catalan was codified 100 years ago. Before it, people who spoke Catalan wrote the way they spoke. Then, when the rules appeared, the way the languages were written was unified.
RP (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION): It is the standard accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom, with a relationship to regional accents similar to the relationship in other European languages between their standard varieties and their regional forms.
STORIES THAT CAN BE IN THE EXAM
- When a coutry enters to the European Union, who rules that country decides which language will be official in the European Union and which not. Denmark was about to join the European Union. They didn't want to make their language official because it was talked for a small group of people so they proposed that people who spoke English could speak French and people who spoke French could speak English in meetings. The European Union refused this idea so, Denmark, with no other option, made its language official.
- When Irland joined the European Union didn't want to make Irish official because it was spoken by a small group of people. When Malta joined the E.U. and made Maltish official (which was also spoken by a small group), Irland changed its mind and made Irish official.
- The European Comission had to choose three languages for the meetings because it was so difficult to make things in so many languages. What they did was to prove which languages were the three most common, to use them.
- There were so many problems with the Catalan and the Valencià, because people from Valencia wanted to have their own language. People in Spain had to send the Constitució to the E.U.. They sent one version in Spanish and had to send another in Catalan. They couldn't send one in Catalan and another one in Valencià, because are the same language and people in the E.U. would not understand it, so they sent the version in Valencià. The same happened with the language in Serbia, Croacia, Bosnia and Montenegro, which is the same but people from these countries defend that are different languages.
- Leonard Orban is in the European Comission. This organisation chooses one minister from each country in the European Union and each minister works for one thing. Leonard Orban works for multilingualism. He said that to make English the main language of the E.U. was impossible so he promoted a project that was called "Mother tongue +2". The project's intention was to make people spoke their mother tongue and two more languages. This policy had problems because it promoted strong languages (people would choose languages as English and French to learn). English wasn't specified as one of this compulsory languages, it was not in a special place because they can't do that. People know that English is, in fact, in a special place but it can't be said. Another problem was that 80% of the languages in the E.U. would be irrelevant, because of the small group of people who speak these languages (e.g. Irish, Polish...). To sum up, they seemed to promote so many languages but they were only promoting the strong ones.
STEPS FOR SEARCHING AN ARTICLE
- www.sbd.udl.cat/ca
- Metacercador
- Revistes electròniques (sfx.cbuc.cat/udl/az)
- Nom de la revista
- Buscar volume i issue
STEPS FOR QUOTING (citar)
First of all we have to quote (citar alguna cosa sobre algú), and they we have to reference it (posar al final la referència, on s'ha trobat això). These references have to have an alphabetic order.
QUESTIONS IN THE EXAM
Difference between corpus planning and acquisition planning.
The corpus planning is the action of turning a vernacular into standard language by creating rules and the acquisition planning is the way we learn a language depending on the society.
What is a lingua franca?
A lingua franca is a language that we use to communicate with another person if this person doesn't know our language and we don't know their language.
DUBBING VS SUBTITLING
In the U.K. when people want to see a film which is not in their language they have to main ways of watching that film:
- They do the film again
- They subtitle
In the U.K. films are never dubbed.
In contrast, here in Catalonia we don't use subtitles. We dub all films because we are used to watch dubbed films and people wouldn't like to watch subtitled films.
Something curious is that when an interview is done, we have to separate two main groups, and depending on that groups, the interview is done by one way or another:
When its genre is celebrities interviews, so its purpose is to entertain, the questions aren't seen before the interview, so the celebrity can't prepare them before it. When its genre is politicians interviews, so its purpose is to inform, the politicians and the journalists talk before the interview, so the politician can see the questions and prepare them before it.
EXAMPLES OF GENRES:
We have to been able to identify genres and subgenres
FICTION SHOWS TV series: More compact plot Soap operas: No compact plot, everday series, lot of crying Sitcoms: They want to make you laugh
NON FICTION SHOWS
Documentary Interviews Debate
HARDTALKS: It is a subgenre in which questions aren't pacted between the journalist and the politician. So many politicians don't want to be interviewed in hardtalks because they are scared of them: if they can't prepare the questions, the journalist can destroy them by making questions to him.
LATES (LATE NIGHT SHOWS): These are shows which are on TV at night. An example is Buenafuente.
MOCKUMENTARY: A mockumentary is a type of film or television show in which fictional events are presented in documentary style to create a parody.These productions are often used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting, or to parody the documentary form itself.
NOVEL: The book
SCRIPT: Guió realitzat a partir del llibre
SCREENPLAY: The adaptation of the novel to the cinema
All of them are FICTION SHOWS, but they have differences.
All of them are NON FICTION SHOWS, but they have differences.
THEORY FOR REVIEWING A FILM
The purpose of the review is to make the balance between good and bad things of a film and say if in general it is good or bad as a conclusion. A review has to have reasons, we can't say: music is a shit. We have to say: Music is a shit because [...]
We have to follow these steps in order to make a good review:
- Find information about the film we are reviewing. These information has to be: Tittle between comas Year that came out, was released (be careful, we have to say the first time it was released) Director's name Lead actors and supporting actors: First of all we have to mention the characters and then the real name of the actors in brackets. Genre (Thriller, drama, etc.)
We have to take note everytime somethin sticks out of us (something different, bad or good). When we mention something, first of all we have to do the technique analyse and then the opinion.We have to take notes about: Direction: For example, it is very slow, or too quick, or you get lost (you don't understand the plot), innecessary information... Cinematography: Techniques used, the film is too dark, too bright and shiny... Plot: predictable, unpredictable, it makes no sence, shocking... Here you have to include the characters (interesting characters, boring...) Editing: it can be dinamic or not... Costumes: for an historical film, for an actual film... Set design: where the film is supposed to take place, so if the film is in Barcelona in 1920, we have to recreate it. (It is a set design mistake, for example, when in Gladiator appears a clock). A set design has to look beliveable. Sound track: The music has to fit.
- Composing: Write the information we have looked for. There are steps for composing: a) Thesis: it is the central idea, the most obvious and important thing we want to say (eg: the film manages to transmite something) b) Plot summary: It should never be more than 30% of the review. Here we have to put the information and the plot (not to much details, no spoilers) c) Analysis: It has to be like this: one pharagraph for one idea, another for another idea. In the last three lines of the analysis we have to use the thesis as the conclusion. Every piece of analysis we make has to be backed by facts (reasons).
- Polish: It consists on redrafting, we have to read the text again and change things if it is necessary.
UNIT 5
When you are shotting an internacional film, all is in English and these is some vocabulary only for that. We have to be conscious about the existence of this jargon. This is called ESP (English for specific purposes). In the world of films, TV, and things like these, are many words only used for that. There are too many examples:
OBJECTS AND JOBS:
- THE CLAPBOARD: This is "claqueta", and also the person who controls it.
- THE SCRIPT: This is "guió", and also the person who has to control small details. For example, if a character has a tie in one shot, and they have to stop for a moment, there is a person who is writting "in shot 32 that chapter was wearing a tie", and if the next shot is about to start and the actor has no tie, he has to notice it and tell it.
- THE GRIPS: This is "grua", and also the people who has to bring it for the travellings, who controls mechanical things in the movie
- THE BOOM: It is the boom and also the person who brings the boom.
There are also other examples, as the different kind of shots:
- Medium shot
- Two/three shot (a shot with two or three people)
- Long/wide shot
- Extreme wide shot
- Close-up shot
- Extreme close-up shot
- Profiled shot (de perfil)
- Top shot (el que t'enfoca des de dalt)
- Wide shot
- P.O.V (point of view: el càmera grava de manera subjectia, és com si fos el que veu l'actor des dels seus ulls)
- Over-the-shoulders shot, etc. (capta l'espatlla d'un actor i la cara de l'altre)
The shots can be taken with:
- High angle (angle picat)
- Long angle (angle contrapicat), etc.
The movements:
- To pan: moure's amb la càmera
- To tilt: inclinar la càmera, etc.
Other things:
- Props: It comes from Property of the theatre. It means chairs, tables, etc.
- Camera dolly: berlanguina
The News are conceived for many people as something that must tell the truth and can't lie. There are two extremes:
- People who believes all that is in the News
- People who doesn't believe anything that is in the News
There are so many genres, some of them are:
P.O.V.: This means "Point Of View". The person who makes the documentary has a reason for doing it. (e.g. someone does the documentary because works in an enterprise where women are bad-payed, and she is a woman, so she has her own point of view about that issue, she is claiming about what is happening in that enterprise using a documentary for it).
The journalist's job is to make a process:
Listen and contrast the two sides of the same problem Look for information to prove what the people have said
Neutral/biased: opposite concepts (neutral/parcial)
Criterion/criteria: Sing/plu
Documentaries: some people use documentaries for giving some information that can't be in the New. For example "in catalonia we kill people who speak spanish". People used Joel Joan to give information about the language and managed to make it look like it was true that catalans were obssessed with the catalan language.
To have bigger fish to frie: té coses més importants a fer
Have it for yesterday: Vull que ho tinguis per ahir
