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Un ejercicio de economía que analiza el impacto del comercio internacional en el mercado de automóviles. Se consideran dos países, a y b, con diferentes funciones de demanda y oferta. Se calcula el precio y la cantidad de equilibrio en cada país en ausencia de comercio (autarquía) y con libre comercio. Se analiza el efecto de un arancel sobre el precio y el volumen de comercio. El ejercicio es útil para comprender los conceptos de equilibrio de mercado, comercio internacional, aranceles y sus efectos en la economía.
Tipo: Esquemas y mapas conceptuales
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c) La introducción del arancel provoca una distorsión en los precios (aumenta en el país importador y se reduce en el país exportador) y una disminución en el volumen de comercio. Arancel (t) = 1 t = PtA – PtB PtA = PtB + t PtB = PtA - t Precio con Arancel (DtM =StX) 160-40PtA =-80+40PtB 160-40(PtB+t) =-80+40PtB 160 - 40PtB - 40 =-80 + 40PtB 200 = 80PtB PtB = 2,5 PtA = 3, Importaciones ( MtA ) = Exportaciones ( XtB ) 20 Imagine a world made-up by two large countries. Country A’s demand for Cars is given by DA = 200 – 20P. The output of Cars in country A is given by the following supply function: SA = 40 + 20P. In country B. demand is given by DB = 100 – 20P and the supply function is given by SB = 20 + 20P. a) In the absence of trade (autarky). what would be the equilibrium price and quantity in each country? b) With free trade. which country would export Cars and which would import Cars? What would be the equilibrium price and the quantity traded? c) Imagine that the country that imports Cars establishes a tariff of 1 monetary unit on each unit of Cars that is imported. Determine the effect of the tariff on: the price of Cars paid by final consumers within each country and the volume of trade. SOLUTION a) The equilibrium price is calculated equating demand to supply in each country: Equilibrium Price ( DA = SA ) 200 - 20P = 40 + 20P 160 = 40P PA = 4 Quantity Demanded (DA) = Quantity Supplied (SA) 120 Equilibrium Price (DB = SB) 100 - 20P = 20 + 20P 80 = 40P PB = 2 Quantity Demanded ( DB ) = Quantity Supplied ( SB ) 60 b) Country A is the importing country. Its import demand represents the excess of what consumers demand over what producers supply. Country B is the exporting
The functions of demand and supply for wine in Portugal are: D = 1300 - 100p ; S = 200p – 200. The price of wine is 3€ in France and 2€ in the rest of the world. Portugal is too small to influence prices in France or elsewhere. a) Determine the internal equilibrium price, the production and the domestic consumption of wine in Portugal without trade (autarky). b) If Portugal decided to trade with the free trade price of the rest of the world: calculate the production, consumption and imports of wine in Portugal. c) Assume that Portugal established a tariff of 100% on imports of wine. Determine the new equilibrium for Portugal. Calculate the tariff revenue. d) If Portugal launches a custom union with France, eliminating the tariff on imports from France, but retain tariffs on imports from third countries. Determine the new equilibrium for Portugal. e) Does the creation of the custom union give rise to trade creation or trade diversion with respect to paragraph (c) in Portugal? SOLUTION a) D = 1300 - 100p D = S 1300 – 100p = 200p – 200 S = 200p – 200 1500 = 300p Internal Price PP = 5 DP = SP = 800 b) Free Trade Price PFT^ = 2 ; DFTP = 1100 ; SFTP = 200 ; MFTP = 900 c) PF = 3 PFT^ = 2 t = 100%; PFT(1+t) = 4; PF(1+t) = 6 Price with Tariff PFT(1+t) = 4 DtP = 900 ; StP = 600 ; MtP = 300 Tariff revenue = t x MtP = (PFT(1+t) - PI) x MtP = 600
d) Custom Union Price PF = 3 = Pcu^ ; DcuP = 1.000 ; ScuP = 400 ; McuP = 600 Tariff revenue = 0 e) There is trade creation (areas (b) and (d)) because Portuguese domestic production (more expensive) is replaced by cheaper imports from the partner (France). There is trade diversion (area (e)) because the imports from the rest of the world (cheaper) are substituted for France imports (more expensive). P ScuP DtP
Pcu^ = PF= PFT=
PFT(1+t)= a b c d e StP DcuP MtuP MtP SFTP DFTP