articulatory phonetics, Apuntes de Fonética y Fonología Españolas

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Articulatory phonetics

CHAPTER 2 (PAGES 19-26)

Outline

 Phonetics vs. Phonology

 Applications of phonetics in real life

 Articulatory phonetics

 Phonation: voiced vs. voiceless consonants

 Upper articulators vs. Lower articulators

 Classification of consonants according to 1)

place of articulation and 2) manner of

articulation

 Classification of vowels

Phonetics vs. Phonology

• (^) Phonetics and phonology can be regarded as

two further interrelated internal fields of

linguistics in that, broadly, both explore the

phonic or sound component of language, an

indispensable foundation of linguistic enquiry.

Phonetics vs. Phonology

• (^) Phonetics, the study of the sounds of human

speech, focuses on the articulation of speech

sounds and their physical origins within a

speaker’s vocal and nasal anatomy (Labov,

2010). Phonetics provides methods for sound

description, classification and transcription.

• (^) Phonology is the study of the patterns and

relationships of the sounds of a language

(Labov, 2010).

Phonetics vs. Phonology

• (^) Explanation: it is physically easier to pronounce

similar phonemes.

• (^) E.g. ‘ cats ’ and ‘ dogs ’ - /kæts/ vs. /dɔgz/
• (^) /t/ and /s/ - both voiceless consonants.
• (^) /g/ and /z/ - both voiced consonants. Easier

than the combination voiced consonant +

voiceless consonant.

Applications of Phonetics

1. Speech therapy – logopedics (disorders of

speech communication). Medical (physiology of

speech and hearing)

2. Language teaching and learning

3. Computers – ASR – automatic speech

recognition & speech synthesis. ASR –

independent, computer driven transcription of

spoken language into readable text in real time.

Applications of Phonetics

4. Forensic Phonetics- speaker identification,

speech decoding, and tape authentication.

 Listening to speech recordings of a particular

individual

 Determining what was actually said – noisy

recordings, heavily accented speech

Manipulation of actual tape recordings.

Branches of phonetics

• (^) Articulatory : describes the way sounds are made using the vocal folds and the supralaryngeal articulators.  Acoustic : describes how the sound waves and disturbances in the air caused by the speech mechanism are propagated through the air. In acoustic phonetics we are mainly interested in three properties of sound: pitch, quality and loudness.
• (^) Auditory : investigates the perceptual response to speech sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain.

The organs of speech

 All the organs involved in the production of speech sounds can be arranged into three groups, or systems: the respiratory system ,where the initial breathing process is inititated; the phonatory system , where vibration, or phonation , takes place, and the articulatory system , where resonance is modified in the vocal tract, as illustrated in the following figure:

The organs of speech

The organs of speech

 (^) Speech sounds in English and Spanish are produced with an eggressive (or outgoing) pulmonic airstream (or column of air), which moves upwards from the lungs (breathing) through the larynx (phonation) and outwards through the vocal tract cavity (resonance) consisting of the pharyngeal , oral and nasal cavities , where a series of articulators come into play.

The phonatory system

 (^) As mentioned before, the basic source of power for speech is the respiratory system pushing air out of the lungs.  (^) The air from the lungs goes up the windpipe or trachea and into the larynx.  (^) It then passes between two small muscular folds called the vocal cords.  (^) When the vocal cords are apart, the air from the lungs will have a relatively free passage into the pharynx and the mouth.  (^) But if the vocal cords are adjusted so that there is only a narrow passage between them, the pressure of the airstream will cause them to vibrate.

The phonatory system

 (^) The phonatory system includes the laryngeal structures through which phonation is achieved, regulating the air flow to create both voiced and voiceless segments , and it is the source of air pressure used to produce glottalic sounds.  (^) The larynx (also voicebox , or Adam’s Apple ) is a casing ring situated at the top of the trachea that consists of nine separate cartilage and is bigger in males than in females.  (^) The vocal folds (or vocal cords ) are two whitish bands of ligament that are typically about 17 to 22 mm long in males and about 16 mm in females.

The phonatory system

 (^) The space that is left between the vocal folds is called the glottis , or the glottal slit , which may be opened or closed to varying degrees (see figure below).  (^) If the vocal folds are apart we say that the glottis is open; if they are pressed together we say that the glottis is closed. The glottis can adopt several positions.