¡Descarga biologia las celulas y más Monografías, Ensayos en PDF de Biología solo en Docsity!
6LQ HPEDUJR HOQ~PHUR GH GHVFXEULPLHQWRV WHQtD
XQOtPLWH 3RU UD]RQHV WpFQLFDV TXH VH H[SOLFDQ
PiV DGHODQWH ORVPLFURVFRSLRV ySWLFRV QRSXHGHQ
SURGXFLULPiJHQHV FODUDV GH HVWUXFWXUDV LQIHULRUHV
D PL FUyPHWURV P XQ PLFUyPHWUR HV XQD
PLO pVLPD GH PtOIUQHWUR! SHURPXFKDV HVWUXFWXUDV
JDPHWRV \HO SRVWHULRU GHVDUUROOR GH ORV HPEULRQHV
6H UHYHOy OD FRPSOHMLGDG GH yUJDQRV FRPR HO ULxyQ
\ VH GHVFXEULHURQ PLWRFRQGUtDV FORURSODVWRV \RWUDV
HVWUXFWXUDV GHQWUR GH ODV FpOXODV
*UDQ SDUWH GH ORV DYDQFHVHQ ELRORJtD HQ ORV ~OWLPRV
DxRV VH KDQ GHELGR DODV PHMRUDVHQ HOGLVHxR
GH PLFURVFRSLRV / DV PHMRUDVHQ ORVPLFURVFRSLRV
ySWLFRV HQ OD VHJXQGDPLWDGGHO VLJOR; ,; KLFLHURQ
SRVLEOH HO GHVFXEUL PtHQWR GH ODV EDFWHUL DV\ RWURV
RUJDQLVPRV XQL FHOXODUHV 6H Y L HURQ SRUSULPHUD
YH] ORV FURPRVRPDV\ VH GHVFXEULHURQ ORVSURFHVRV
GH PLWRVLV UQHtRVtV\IRUPDFL yQ GH JDPHWRV 6H
REVHUYy TXH ODEDVH GH OD UHSURGXFFLyQ VH[XDO
TXH :LOOLDP +DUYH\ \ PXFKRV RWURV ELyORJRV DQWHV
QRKDEtDQ DFHUWDGR DGHVFXEULU HUD OD I XVL yQ GH
MM/D LQYHQFLyQ GHOPLFURVFRSLR HOHFWUyQLFR
/DVPHMRUDVHQHTXLSRV \DSDUDWRVFRQOOHYDQ DYDQFHVHQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD
OD LQYHQFLyQ GHORVPLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV FRQGXMR D XQDPHMRUFRPSUHQVLyQ GH OD HVWUXFWXUD FHOXODU
+DELOLGDGHV
'LEXMR GH OD XOWUDHVWUXFWXUD GHFpOXODV SURFDULyWLFDV EDVDGD HQPLFURJUDItDV HOHFWUyQLFDV 'LEXMR GHODXOWUDHVWUXFWXUD GHFpOXODV HXFDULyWLFDV EDVDGD HQPLFURJUDItDV HOHFWUyQLFDV ,QWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHPLFURJUDItDV HOHFWUyQLFDV SDUDLGHQWLILFDU RUJiQXORV \GHGXFLU OD IXQFLyQ GHFpOXODV HVSHFLDOL]DGDV
H $HOOFDHOHQHV
a ( VWUXFWXUD \IXQFLyQ GHORV RUJiQXORV GHODV FpOXODV GHJOiQGXODV H[RFULQDV GHO SiQFUHDV
( VWUXFWXUD \IXQFLyQ GHORVRUJiQXORV GH
ODVFpOXODV GHO PHVyILOR HQHPSDOL]DGD GH ODV KRMDV /RVSURFDULRWDV VHGLYLGHQ SRUILVLyQ ELQDULD
MM1DWXUDOH]D GHODFLHQFLD
/DVPHMRUDV HQHTXLSRV \DSDUDWRV FRQOOHYDQ DYDQFHV HQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD OD LQYHQFLyQ GHORV PLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV FRQGXMR D XQD PHMRU FRPSUHQVLyQ GHOD HVWUXFWXUD FHOXODU
& RPSUHQVLyQ
a /RVSURFDULRWDV SUHVHQWDQ XQDHVWUXFWXUD FHOXODU VLPSOH VLQ FRPSDUWLPHQWDFLyQ a /RVHXFDULRWDV SUHVHQWDQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD FHOXODU FRPSDUWLPHQWDGD a /RVPLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV WLHQHQ XQD UHVROXFLyQ PXFKR PD\RU TXH ORV PLFURVFRSLRV ySWLFRV
8OWUDHVWUXFWXUD GHODVFpOXODV
%,2/ 2*,$ &(/ 8/ $ 5 (^) Células procariotas y eucariotas. Características. Diferencias.
Libro Oxford. Biología IB
) LJXUD 8VRGHXQ PLFURVFRSLR HOHFWUyQLFR
/ D UHVROXFLyQ Pi[LPD GH XQ PLFURVFRSLR ySWLFR HV WXLª R VHD QDQyPHWURV QP ,QGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH OR SRWHQWHV TXH VHDQ ODV OHQWHV GH XQ PLFURVFRSLR ySWLFR OD UHVROXFLyQ QR SXHGH VHUPD\RU GH QSRUTXH HVWi ,LPLWDGD SRU OD ORQJLWXG GH RQGD GH OD OX] QP 6L ,QWHQWDPRV REVHUYDU REMHWRV PiV SHTXHxRV FRQ XQD OHQWH GH PD\RU DXPHQWR YHUHPRV TXH HV LPSRVLEOH HQIRFDUORV DGHFXDGDPHQWH \ REWHQGUHPRV XQD LPDJHQ ERUURVD 3RUHVWD UD]yQ OD DPSOLDFLyQ Pi[LPD HQ ORV PLFURVFRSLRV ySWLFRV VXHOH VHU GH [
/ RV UD\RV GH HOHFWURQHV WLHQHQ XQD ORQJLWXG GH RQGD PXFKR PiV FRUWD \
SRU WDQWR ORV PLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV WLHQHQ XQD UHVROXFLyQ PXFKR PD\RU / D UHVROXFLyQ GH ORV PLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV PRGHUQRV HV GH P R QP $ Vt SXHV ORV PLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV WLHQHQ XQD UHVROXFLyQ YHFHV PD\RU TXH OD GH ORV PLFURVFRSLRV ySWLFRV (V SRU HVWR TXH ORV PLFURVFRSLRV ySWLFRV QRV SHUPLWHQ YHU OD HVWUXFWXUD GH ODV FpOXODV SHUR ORV PLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV QRV UHYHODQ VX XOWUDHVWUXFWXUD (VWR H[SOLFD SRU TXp SXGLHURQ REVHUYDUVH EDFWHULDV GH LXL GH WDPDxR
/ D UHV ROXFLyQ GHORV PLFURV FRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV
/ RV PLFURV FRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV WLHQHQ XQD UHV ROXFLyQ PXFKR PD\RU TXH ORV PLFURV FRSLRV ySWLFRV 6L PLUDUQRV XQ iUEROSRGHUQRV YHU FDGD XQD GH VXV KRMDV SHUR QR ODV FpOXODV TXH KD\ GHQWUR GH HVDV KRMDV (ORMR KXPDQR SXHGH GLVWLQJXLU HQWUH REMHWRV GH 2 PP GH WDPDxR SHUR QR REMHWRV PiVSHTXHxRV 3DUD YHU ODV FpOXODV TXH KD\ GHQWUR GH OD KRMD QHFHVLWDPRV XQ PLFURVFRSLR ySWLFR (VWH QRVSHUPLWH GLVWLQJXLU HQWUH FRVDV GH KDVWD XLVª SRU OR TXH SRGHUQRV YHU FDGD FpOXOD / D FDSDFLGDG GH GLVWLQJXLU YLVXDOPHQWH FDGD SDUWH GH XQ REMHWR VH
GHQRPLQD UHVROXFLyQ
HQUHDOLGDG SLODV GH VDFRV GH PHPEUDQD DSODQDGRV
FRQ OD FORURILOD HQ ODV PHPEUDQDV 0LHQWUDV
TXH EDMR HOPLFURVFRSLR ySWLFR ODV PLWRFRQGUtDV SDUHFtDQ SHTXHxRV SDOLOORV R HVIHUDV VLQ HVWUXFWXUD HOPLFURVFRSLR HOHFWUyQLFR UHYHOy TXH WLHQHQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD GH PHPEUDQD LQWHUQD FRPSOHMD (O PLFURVFRSLR HOHFWUyQLFR UHYHOy OR TXH DKRUD GHQRPLQDPRV OD XOWUDHVWUXFWXUD GH ODV FpOXODV LQFOXLGDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DQWHV GHVFRQRFLGDV 3RU
HMHPSOR ORV UtERVRPDV ORV OtVRVRPDV \HOUHWtFXOR
HQGRSODVPiWLFR IXHURQ WRGRV GHVFXELHUWRV \ QRPEUDGRV HQOD GpFDGD GH (VSRFR SUREDEOH TXH H[LVWDQ HVWUXFWXUDV WDQ VLJQLILFDWLYDV FRPR HVWDV WRGDYtD SRU GHVFXEULU SHUR VH FRQWLQ~D PHMRUDQGR HO GLVHxR GH ORV PLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV \ FDGD PHMRUD SHUPLWH UHDOL]DU QXHYRV GHVFXEULPLHQWRV 8Q HMHPSOR UHFLHQWH TXH VH GHVFULEH HQ HO VXEWHUQD HVOD WRPRJUDItD GH HOHFWURQHV XQ PpWRGR GH SURGXFFLyQ GH tPiJHQHV WULGLPHQVLRQDOHV FRQ PLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV
ELROyJLFDV VRQPiVSHTXHxDV TXH HVWR 3RU HMHPSOR ODV PHPEUDQDV GH ODV FpOXODV WLHQHQ XQ JURVRU GH XQRV WXLª (O SURJUHVR VHYLR REVWDFXOL]DGR KDVWD TXH VH LQYHQWy RWURWLSR GH PLFURVFRSLR HO PLFURVFRSLR HOHFWUyQLFR / RV PLFURVFRSLRV HOHFWUyQLFRV VH GHVDUUROODURQ HQ $ OHPDQLD GXUDQWH OD GpFDGD GH \ VH HPSH]DURQ D XVDU HQ ODERUDWRULRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ ORV DxRV \ 3HUPtHURQ YHULPiJHQHV GH FRVDV WDQ SHTXHxDV FRPR 2 Q
YHFHV PiV SHTXHxDV TXH FRQ PLFURVFRSLRV
ySWLFRV 6H GHVFXEULy TXH OD HVWUXFWXUD GH ODV FpOXODV HXFDULyWLFDV HUDPXFKR PiV FRPSOHMD GH OR TXH HVSHUDED OD PD\RUtD GH ORV ELyORJRV \ VH FRPSUREy TXH PXFKDV GH ODV LGHDV DQWHULRUHV HUDQ HTXLYRFDGDV 3RUHMHPSOR HQ OD GpFDGD GH HO PLFURVFRSLR ySWLFR KDEtD UHYHODGR iUHDVYHUGHV PiV RVFXUDV HQ HO FORURSODVWR 6HODV OODPy JUDQD \ VH LQWHUSUHWy TXH HUDQ JRWLWDV GH FORURILOD (O PLFURVFRSLR HOHFWUyQLFR GHPRVWUy TXH ORV JUDQD VRQ
8/ 75 $ ( 6 75 8& 785 $ '( / $ 6 & ( / 8/ $ 6
2WURV QRPEUHV SDUD ORV SURFDULRWDV /RVELyORJRV (^) D YHFHV XWLOL]DQ H O WpUPLQR EDFWHULD HQ OXJDUGH SURFDULRWD ( VWR QR V LHPSUH HVFRUUHFWR SRUTXH HO WpUPLQR SURFDULRWD GHVLJQD D XQJUXSRGH RUJDQLVPRV PiV J UDQGH TXH ODVYHUGDGH UDV EDFWHULDV >( XEDFWHULD WDPELpQ LQFOX\H RUJDQLVPRV GHRWUR JUXSR OODPDGR $UFKDHD +D\XQJUXSR GHRUJDQLVPRV IRWRVLQWpWLFRV TXHVROtD OODPDUVH DOJDVYHUGHD]XOHV SHURVXHVWUXFWXUD FHOXODU HVSURFDULyWLFD \ODVDOJDV VRQ HXFDULRWDV ( VWH SUREOHPD VHKD UHVXH OWR GiQGROHV XQQXHYR QRPEUH & LDQREDFWHULDV ¢4XpSUREOHPDV JHQHUD HOKHFKR GHTXHORV FLHQWtILFRV \ORVQR FLHQWtILFRV XWLOLFHQ SD ODEUDV GLVWLQWDV SDUD GHVLJQDU ODPLVPD FRVD"
$FWLYLGDG
W? ,āaa^ ^ ā ā^ ?āaW a^ ÂLU B a ^ ?^ U āWā^ - O^ Âaa ā a aÂÂ I ^ a a W- ÂāÂ U ^ aÂÂ ^ a ā^ ^ ^ H Âa^ ÂÂ ^ Â £ ^ ^ L ^ ^ a B ^ ā āā ,* ^ Wā a āāāa^ a^ B ^ ?^ BO ^ -^ a^ ^ āāā ā^ ^ ^ ā^ Â^ WUā a^ U^ £ ā^ a ā^ ā āā ^ ^ āaaaā a ā
? ā W D U W L U ! ā ā ā āāā - ā ā Dāāā ā ā āā āā ā ā ? a āB ā ā āāāā
SDUHG FH OXODU PH PEUDQD SOD V PiWLF D
QXFOHRLGH UHJLyQ TXH ULERVRPDV F LWRSOD V PD FRQWLH QH H O $'1 GH V QXGR
'LEXMR SDUD D\XGDU DLQWHUSUHWDU OD PLFURJUDItD HOHFWUyQLFD
#'LEXMDUFpOXODV SURFDULyWLFDV
'LEXMRGH OD XOWUDHVWUXFWXUD GHFpOXODV SURFDULyWLFDV EDVDGDHQPLFURJUDItDV HOHFWUyQLFDV
&RPR OD PD\RUtD GH ODV FpOXODV SURFDULyWtFDV VRQ PX\ SHTXHxDV VX
HVWUXFWXUDLQWHUQD QR VH SXHGH Y HU FRQ XQ PLFURVFRSLR ySWLFR 6ROR FRQ
HO DXPHQWR PXFKR PD\RU GHODV PLFURJUDItDV HOHFWUyQL FDV SRGUHPRV YHU
ORV GHWDOOHV GHOD HVWUXFWXUD LQWHUQD OODPDGD XOWUDHVWUXFWXUD 3 RU WDQWR
ORVGLEXMRV GH OD XOWUDHVWUXFWXUD GH FpOXODV SURFDULyWLFDVVH EDVDQ HQ
PLFURJUDI tDV HOHFWUyQLFDV
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ \ HQ ODSiJLQD VLJXL HQWH VH PXHVWUDQ GRV PtFURJUDx DV
HO HFWUyQLFDV GH( FRO L XQD EDFWHULD TXHVH HQFXHQWUD HQQXHVWURV
LQWHVWLQRV 8QD GHHOODVHV XQ FRUWH ILQR TXH PXHVWUD OD HVWUXFWXUD LQWHUQD
/ DRWUD KD VLGR SUHSDUDGD FRQXQD WpFQLFD GLIHUHQWH \ PXHVWUD OD HVWUXFWXUD
H[WHUQD &DGD LPDJHQYD DFRPSDx DGD GH XQ GLEXM R &RPSDUDQGR ORV
GLEXMRV FRQ ODV PLFURJUDItDV HO HFWUyQLFDV SXHGHVDSUHQGHUD LGHQWLIL FDU ODV
HVWUXFWXUDV TXH KD\ GHQWUR GHODVFpOXODV SURFDULyWLFDV
0LFURJUDItD HOHFWUyQLFD GH (VFKHULFKLD FROL O P GH ORQJLWXG
7RGRV ORV RUJDQLVPRV YLYRV QHFHVLWDQ SURGXFLU QXHYDV FpO XODV \ VRO R
SXHGHQ KDFHUO R SRUPHGLR GH OD GLYLVLyQ GH FpOXO DV SUHH[LVWHQWHV
/ D GL Y L VLyQ HQ FpO XO DV SURFDULyWL FDV VH GHQRPLQD IL VLyQ ELQDUL D \VH
XWLO L]D SDUD OD UHSURGXFFL yQ DVH[ XDO ( O ~QL FR FURPRVRPD FLUFXODU VH
UHSO LFD \ O DV GRV FRSLDV GHO FURLQRVRPD VH WUDVODGDQ KDFL D H[WUHPRV
RSXHVWRV GH O D FpO XO D ,QPHGL DWDPHQWH GHVSXpV VH SURGXFH OD GLY L VLyQ
GHO FLWRSODVPD GH OD FpOXOD &DGD XQD GH ODV FpOXODV KL M DV FRQWLHQH XQD
FRSLD GHO FURPRVRPD SRU WDQWR VRQJHQpWLFDPHQWH LGpQWLFDV
/D GLYLVLyQ FHOXODU HQSURFDULRWDV
/RVRURFDULRWDV VHGLYLGHQ SRUILVLy Q ELQDULD
8/75 $( 6 75 8& 785 $ '( /$6 & ( /8/$6
( V WUXFWXUD GHODFpOXOD HXFDULyWLFD
/RVHXFDULRWDV SUHVHQWDQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD FHOXODU FRPSDUWLPHQWDGD / DV FpOXODV HXFDULyWLFDV WLHQHQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD LQWHUQD PXFKR PiV FRPSOHMD TXH O DV FpOXODV SURFDUL yWLFDV 0L HQWUDV TXH HO FLWRSODVPD GH XQD FpOXOD SURFDULyWL FD HV XQ ~QLFR HVSDFL R VLQ GLYLVLRQHV ODV FpOXODV HXFDUL yWL FDV HVWiQ FRPSDUWLPHQWDGDV (VWR VLJQLIL FD TXH HVWiQ GLYLGLGDV
HQ FRPSDUWLPHQWRV PHGLDQWH WDELTXHV GH PHPEUDQD VtPSOH R GREOH
(O Q~FO HR HV HO PiV LPSRUWDQWH GH HVWRV FRPSDUWLPHQWRV \D TXH FRQWLHQH ORV FURPRVRPDV GH OD FpOXOD / RV FRPSDUWLPHQWRV GHO FLWRSODVPD VH GHQRPLQDQ RUJiQXORV $ O LJXDO TXH FDGD yUJDQR GHO FXHUSR GH XQ DQLPDO
$ ) LJXUD %UXFHODDERUWXV EDFLOR GH %DQJ@ P GH ORQJLWXG
6HJXLGDPHQWH VH PXHVWUD RWUDPLFURJUDItD GH XQD FpOXOD SURFDULyWL FD 3XHGHV XVDUODSDUD SUDFWL FDU HO GLEXMR GHOD XOWUDHVWUXFWXUD GH ODV FpOXODV SURFDULyWLFDV 7DPEL pQ SXHGHV EXVFDU RWUDV PL FURJUDItDV HOHFWUyQLFDV GH
FpOXODV SURFDUtyWtFDV HQ,QWHUQHW H LQWHQWDU GLEXMDUODV 1R HV QHFHVDULR
GHGLFDUPXFKR WLHPSR DGLEXMDU QXPHURVDV YHFHV XQD PLVPD HVWUXFWXUD
FRPR ORV ULERVRPDV 3XHGHV GLEXMDU XQR HQ XQD SHTXHxD SDUWH GHO FLWRSODVPD \DxDGLU XQ FRPHQWDULR DWX GLEXMR SDUD LQGLFDU TXH VH
HQFXHQWUDQ WDPEL pQ HQ RWURV OXJDUHV
IODJHORV
SL , L
0LFURJUDItD HOHFWUyQLFD GH (VFKHULFKLD FROLPRVWUDQGR ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VXSHUILFLDOHV
$FWLYLGDG
& pOXODV GH DMR\
FFPSDUQPHQWDF^ ^ WRQ^ /DV FpOXODV GH D MR DOPDFHQDQ HQ VXV YDFXRODV XQ FRPSXHVWR LQRIHQVLYR GH D]XIUH OODPDGR D OLLQD 2WUDV SDUWHV GH OD FpOXOD JXDUGDQ XQD HQ] LPD OODPDGD DOLQDVD /D DOLQDVD FRQYLHUWH OD DOLLQD HQ XQ FRPSXHVWR OODPDGR DOLFLQD TXH WLHQH XQ RORU \ VDERU PX\ IXHUWH \ HVWy[LFR SDUDDOJXQRV KHUEtYRURV ( VWD UHDFF LyQ VH SURGXF H FXDQGR ORV KHUEtYRURV PXHUGHQ HO D MR \GDx DQ ODV FpOXODV PH ]FODQGR OD HQ]LPD \VX VXVWUDWR 7DO YH ] VRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWH D PXFKDV SH UVRQDV OHV JXVWD HO VDERU GHODMR SHUR SDUD VDERUHDUOR HVWH QR VHGHEH XWLOL]DU HQWH UR VLQR TXH KD\ TXH DSODVWDUOR R FRUWD UOR 3 XHGHV KDFHU OD SUXHED ROLHQGR XQ GLHQWH GH DMR HQWH UR \ GHVSXpV FRUWDUOR R DSODVWDUOR \ ROH UOR QXHYDPHQWH
%,2/ 2*,$ &(/ 8/ $ 5
R YDFXROD JUDQGH YHVtFXODV
( VWRV RUJiQXORV FRQVWDQ GH XQD VROD PHPEUDQD FRQ OtTXLGR GHQWUR 0XFKDV FpOXODV YHJHWDOHV WLHQHQ JUDQGHV YDFXRODV TXH RFXSDQ PiV GH OD PLWDG GHO YROXPHQ GH OD FpOXOD $ OJXQRV DQLPDOHV DEVRUEHQ DOLPHQWRV GHO H[WHULRU \ ORV GLJLHUHQ GHQWUR GH ODV YDFXRODV $OJXQRV RUJDQLVPRV XQLFHOXODUHV XWLOL]DQ ODVYDFXRODV SDUD H [SXOVDU HO DJXD VREUDQWH /DV YHVtFXODV VRQ YDFXRODV PX\ SHTXHx DV XWLOL]DGDV SDUD WUDQVSRUWDU PDWHULDOHV GHQWUR GH OD FpOXOD
YDFXROD FRQ D OLPHQWR HQ V X LQWHULRU a B B B B B B
9DFXRODV \YHV tFXODV
( O F ORURSODVWR HVWi URGHDGR GH XQD PHPEUDQD GREOH 'HQWUR KD\ PRQWRQHV GH WLODFRLGHV TXH VRQ VDFRV GH PHPEUDQD DSODQDGRV /D IRUPD GH ORV FORURSODVWRV HV YDULDEOH SHUR VXHOH VHU HVIpULFD X RYRLGH 3URGXFHQ JOXFRVD \ XQD DPSOLD YDULHGDG GH RWURV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV SRU IRWRVtQWHVLV 3XHGH KDEH U JUiQXORV GH DOPLGyQ GHQWUR GH ORV FORURSODVWRV V L KDQ HVWDGR WLODFRLGH KDFLHQGR^ OD^ IRWRVtQWHVLV^ UiSLGDPHQWH^
PHPEUDQD GREOH
JUiQXOR GH D OPLGyQ
& ORURSODV WR
$SDUHFHQ FRPR JUiQXORV RVFXURV HQ HO FLWRSODVPD \ QR HVWiQ URGHDGRV SRU XQD PHPEUDQD 7LHQHQ HO PLVPR WDPDx R TXH ORV ULERVRPDV HQ H O 5 ( U FHUFD GH QP GH GLiPHWUR \ VH OHV GHQRPLQD /RV ULERV RPDV OLEUHV V LQWHWL]DQ SURWHtQDV OLEHUiQGRODV SDUD VHU XVDGDV HQ H O FLWRSODVPD FRPR HQ]LPDV R GH RWUDV PDQHUDV /RV ULERVRPDV VH IRUPDQ HQ XQD UHJ LyQ GHO Q~FOHR OODPDGD QXFOpROR
5 LERV RPDV OLEUHV
/DV PLWRFRQGULDV HVWiQ URGHDGDV GHXQD PHPEUDQD GREOH /D PHPEUDQD LQWH UQD IRUPD LQYDJLQDFLRQHV OODPDGDV FUHVWDV PLWRFRQGULDOHV ( O IOXLGR SUHVHQWH HQ HO LQWH ULRU GH ODV PLWRFRQGULDV VHGHQRPLQD PDWUL] /D IRUPD GH ODV PLWRFRQGULDV HVYDULDEOH SHUR JHQH UDOPHQWH HVIpULFD X RYRLGH 3URGXFHQ $73 SDUD OD FpOXOD SRU UHVSLUDF LyQ FH OXODU DHUyELFD /DV JUDVDV VH GLJLHUHQ DTXt F UHVWD VLVRQ^ XWLOL]DGDV FRPR IXHQWH^ GH^ HQHUJtD^ SDUD^ OD^ FpOXOD
PHPEUDQD PHPEUDQD LQWH UQD H[ WHUQD
0LWRFRQGULD
/RV OLVRVRPDV VRQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HVIpULFRV \ WLHQHQ XQD VROD PHPEUDQD 6 H IRUPDQ D SDUWLU GHYHVtFXODV GH *ROJL 7LHQHQ DOWDV FRQFHQWUDF LRQHV GH SURWHtQDV OR TXH KDFH TXH DSDUH]FDQ GHQVDPHQWH WHx LGRV HQ PLFURJUDItDV HOHFWUyQLFDV & RQWLHQHQ HQ]LPDV GLJHVWLYDV TXH SXHGHQ XWLOL]DUVH SDUD GHVFRPSRQHU ORV DOLPHQWRV LQJHULGRV HQ ODVYHVtFXODV R GHVFRPSRQHU PHPEUD QD GH O OLVRVRPD RUJiQXORV^ HQ^ OD^ FpOXOD^ R^ LQFOXVR^ OD^ FpOXOD HQWHUD
HQ] LPDV GLJHVWLYDV
/ LV RV RPD
( VWH RUJiQXOR HVWi IRUPDGR SRU VDFRV GH PHPEUDQD DSODQDGRV OODPDGRV FLVWHUQDV FRPR HO 5 ( U 6 LQ HPEDUJR ODV FLVWHUQDV QR VRQ WDQ ODUJDV VRQ D PHQXGR FXUYDV QR WLHQHQ ULERVRPDV DGRVDGRV \ DOUHGHGRU WLHQHQ PXFKDV YHVtFXODV ( O DSDUDWR GH *ROJL SURFHVD ODV SURWHtQDV WUDtGDV SRU ODV YHVtFXODV GHO 5 ( U /D PD\RUtD GH HVWDV SURWHtQDV VRQ GHVSXpV WUDQVSRUWDGDV SRUYHVtFXODV D OD PHPEUDQD SODVPiWLFD SDUD VX VHF UHFLyQ
R
R R (^) 4F LV WH UQD
$ SDUDWR GH *ROJL
DSD UDWR GH
UHWtF XOR H QGRSODV PiWLF R OLVRVRPD UXJ RVR $ ) LJXUD 0LF URJUD ItD H OH FWUyQLF D GH SDUWH GH XQD FpOXOD GH O KtJ D GR
Q~F OHR
ULERVRPDV PLWRFRQGULD OLEUHV
% DViQGRWH HQ WXV FRQRFLPL HQWRV GH HVWRV
RUJiQXO RV GLEXMD O D FpOXO D HQWHUD SDUD PRVWUDU
VX XO WUDHVWUXFWXUD
/ D PtFURJUDIL D HOHFWUyQL FD VL JXL HQWH PXHVWUD XQD
FpO XO D GHO KtJDGR HQ O D TXH VHLQGL FDQ DO JXQRV GH
O RV RUJiQXO RV SUHVHQWHV
PH PEUDQD SODV PiWLFD
B
PLFURW~EXOR GREOH
/RV FLOLRV \ORVIODJHORV VRQHVWUXFWXUDV HQIRUPD GHOiWLJR SUR\HFWDGDV GHVGH OD VXSHUILFLH FHOXODU & RQWLHQHQ XQDQLOOR GHQXHYH PLFURW~EXORV GREOHV \GRVPLFURW~EXORV FHQWUDOHV /RVIODJHORV VRQPiV JUDQGHV \JHQHUDOPHQWH VROR KD\ XQRFRPR HQHO HVSHUPDWR]RLGH /RVFLOLRV VRQPiVSHTXHx RV \ QXPHURVRV $PERV VHSXHGHQ XWLOL]DU FRPR PHGLR GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR /RVFLOLRV SXHGHQ XWLOL]DUVH WDPELpQ SDUDFUHDUXQDFRUULHQWH HQHOOtTXLGR TXHURGHD OD FpOXOD
& LOLRV \IODJHORV
a PLFURW~EXORV
?a WULSOHV
( Q HOFLWRSODVPD GHODVFpOXODV KD\ SHTXHx DV ILEUDV FLOtQGULFDV OODPDGDV PLFURW~EXORV TXHWLHQHQ XQD YD ULHGDG GHIXQFLRQHV LQFOXLGD OD GHPRYHU ORV FURPRVRPDV GXUDQWH OD GLYLVLyQ FHOXODU/DV FpOXODV DQLPDOHV WLHQHQ HVWUXFWXUDV GHQRPLQDGDV FHQWULRORV TXHFRQVLVWHQ HQGRVJUXSRV GHQXHYH PLFURW~EXORV WULSOHV /RVFHQWULRORV IRUPDQ XQSXQWR GHDQFODMH SDUD ORVPLFURW~EXORV GXUDQWH OD GLYLVLyQ FH OXODU \WDPELpQ SDUDORVPLFURW~EXORV GHQWUR GH FLOLRV \IODJHORV
0LFURW~EXORV \ FHQWULRORV
8/ 75 $ ( 6 75 8& 785 $ '( / $ 6 & ( / 8/ $ 6
