BACKSHIFT OF TENSES
Simple Present
I am a carpenter.
He said that he was a carpenter.
Simple past
Present
continuous
I’m working at the
moment.
He said that he was working at
that moment.
Past
continuous
Simple Past
I was there last year.
He said that he had been there
the year before.
Past perfect
simple
Past continuous
I was working when you
came in.
He said that he had been working
when I had come in.
Past perfect
continuous
Past perfect
simple
I had finished my
homework when he came
in.
He said that he had finished his
homework when he had come in.
Past perfect
simple
Past perfect
continuous
I had been working for
two hours when John
showed up.
He said that he had been working
for two hours when John had
showed up.
Past perfect
continuous
Present perfect
I have already done it.
He said that he had already done
it.
Past perfect
simple
Present perfect
continuous
I have been working here
for two years.
He said that he had been working
there for two years.
Past perfect
continuous
Future simple
I will finish tomorrow.
He said that he would finish the
next day.
Would
Future perfect
By next month, I will have
finished my book.
He said that by the following
month he would have finished his
book.
Would have
Present passive
The book is written in
English.
He said that that book was
written in English.
Past passive
Present passive
continuous
Many shops are being
opened in the city centre.
He said that many shop were
being opened in the city centre.
Past passive
continuous
PRONOUNS
DIRECT SPEECH
I
he, she
me
him, her
my
his, her, the
mine
his, hers
we
they
us
them
our
their, the
ours
theirs
you
they, them
you
their, the
yours
theirs
this
that, the
these
those, the
this book
that book,
DIRECT &INDIRECT
TIME
DIRECT SPEECH
today
that day
tomorrow
the next day /
the following day
now
at that moment / then
at the moment
at that moment /time
present , current
existing , current
in one hour
one hour later
last week, last
night
the week ,the night
before
next year , next
month, etc.
the following year, the
following month,etc.
yesterday
the day before
this evening
that evening
…days ago
…days before
tonight
that night
in two week’s time
two weeks later
ago
before
REPORTED QUESTIONS
DIRECT SPEECH
Do you like …?
He asked me if I
liked…
Will you come…?
He asked me if I would
come…
Are you feeling…?
He asked me if I was
feeling…
Did you do…?
He asked me if I had
done…
Have you
finished…?
He asked me if I had
finished…
Were you there
last…?
He asked me if I had
been there last…
What are you
doing?
He asked me what I
was doing.
Where are you
going?
He asked me where I
was going.
Who are you here
with?
He asked me who I
was there with.
When are you
leaving?
He asked me when I
was leaving.
How are you
going to do it?
He asked me how I
was going to do it.
MODALS
DIRECT SPEECH
can (ability, present)
could
can (ability, future)
would be able to
may (possibility)
might
may
(permission, present)
could
may
(permission, future)
would be allowed to
must
(obligation, present)
must / had to
must
(obligation, future)
must /
would have to
needn't
(necessity, present)
didn’t have to /
didn’t need to
needn't
(necessity, future)
wouldn’t have to
shall (future time)
would
shall
(offers, suggestions)
should
should
(advice / criticism)
should
will
would
REPORTED COMMANDS
DIRECT SPEECH
Do your homework!
Dad told me to do my homework,
Don’t talk in class!
My teacher told me not to talk in class,
Be quiet!
He told us to be quiet,
REPORTED SUGGESTIONS
DIRECT SPEECH
Let’s watch a film.
He suggested watching a film.
He suggested that we watch a film.
Why don't you go to the doctor?
He suggested that I go to the doctor.
I don't think you should do it
today.
He suggested that I not do it that day.
PLACE
DIRECT
SPEECH
here
there
there
there
in this room
in that room
