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NBNH[QØG@HL LGÌBDCLNBNH[QØG@HL LGÌBDCL
HØK@CD= 1;8996HØK@CD= 1;
^gklk 8^gklk 8
Flsn 8Flsn 8
Yrnsngtlr sdbuhøg lb prdabnjl knb jnzhblkdr kn snülbYrnsngtlr sdbuhøg lb prdabnjl knb jnzhblkdr kn snülb
hdg ljpbfhlkdr dpnrlhdglb.hdg ljpbfhlkdr dpnrlhdglb.
Yrnsngtlkd lb tutdr=Yrnsngtlkd lb tutdr=
M^LG HLQBDX A^X[DM^LG HLQBDX A^X[D
NgtrnclkdNgtrnclkd pdrpdr bdsbds nstuklgtns=nstuklgtns=
Mulg Fnbpn Vnbnz CrlbkdMulg Fnbpn Vnbnz Crlbkd
Hdkcd= <.916.<;9.1;5Hdkcd= <.916.<;9.1;
Sbblj Lgkrns Hunbblr ASbblj Lgkrns Hunbblr A
Høkcd= <;.690.;<9Høkcd= <;.690.;<
Mnsýs Lbanrtd XìghenzMnsýs Lbanrtd Xìghenz
Hdkcd= <.<9<.3>8.10;Hdkcd= <.<9<.3>8.10;
Qdagsdg Dsdrd QljêrnzQdagsdg Dsdrd Qljêrnz
Høkcd= 3<.>13.83;Høkcd= 3<.>13.83;
Lgkrns Fnbpn \ugtnrdLgkrns Fnbpn \ugtnrd
Høkcd= <.1<;.38<.59;Høkcd= <.1<;.38<.59;
Crupd=Crupd=
1;8996T861;8996T
^G@VNQX@KLK GLH@DGLB LA@NQ[L P L K@X[LGH@L - ^GLK^G@VNQX@KLK GLH@DGLB LA@NQ[L P L K@X[LGH@L - ^GLK
NXH^NBL KN H@NGH@LX AÌX@HLX [NHGDBDCÊL N @GCNG@NQÊLNXH^NBL KN H@NGH@LX AÌX@HLX [NHGDBDCÊL N @GCNG@NQÊL
LarbLarb knbknb 19<019<
JnknbbêgJnknbbêg
@gtrdkuhhøg@gtrdkuhhøg
NbNb ljljpbpbffhhlklkdrdr dpdpnrnrlhlhddglglbb nsns ugug hhrhrhuutdtd ggtntncrcrlklkdd ququnn ttngngnn kdkdss tntnrjrjgglblbnsns knkn ngngtrtrlklkll yy uuggll kknn ssllbbkkll.. YYuunnkknn snsnrr hdhdggffccuurrllkkdd nngg uuggll ccrrllgg kkvnvnrrsskkllkk kknn ffddrrjjllss plplrrll bbbbnnvvllrr ll
hhllaadd ddppnnrrllhhddggnnss nngg ssuuss ttnnrrjjggllbbnnss kknn nnggttrrllkkll yy ppddrr nnssttll rrllzzøøgg ssnn bbnn bbbblljjll dpdpnrnrlhlhddglglb.b. NgNg nsnstntn hhrhrhuutdtd vlvljdjdss ll trtrlalalmlmlrlr vlvlrrdsds hdhdghghnpnptdtdss knknshshdgdgdhdhkkdsds pnpnrdrd hdhdgg bbll ggvvnnssttccllhhøøgg hhddggddhhnnrrnnjjddss nnbbnnjjnnggttddss ll ttrrllaallmmllrr.. VVlljjddss ppddrr nnmmnnjjppbbdd ll ttnnggnnrr uuggll ffuunnggttnn kknn nnggttrrllkkll kknn << vvddbbttllmmnn yy vvllrrllss ffrrnnhhuunngghhll << OOeezz,, >>9 999 EEzz yy 88 OOeezz,, ljljpbpb`f`fhlhlkdkdrrnsns,, rrnsnsststngngh`h`lsls knkn rnrntrtrdldlb`b`jjngngttlhlhøgøg (( QFQF)) yy uguglsls rnrnssststngnghhlsls knkn ngngtrtrlklkll ((QQg)g) ugug ljljpbpbf`f`hlhlkdkdrr dpdpnrnrlhlh`d`dglglbb BJBJ8181;; ququnn nsnsttìì hdhdjpjpununststdd pdpdrr (;(;)) ljljpbpbffhlhlkdkdrnrns,s, ngtrn dtrds.ngtrn dtrds.
-Nstuklgtn <=-Nstuklgtn <=
l.)l.) @@kknnggttffqquunn nnbb ttppdd hhddggffccuurrlhlhøgøg knknbb lljjppbbff``hlhlkkddrr ^^<<==AA,, hhllbbhhuubbnn nnbb vvlblbdrdr kknn QQ>> ppllrrll
qun tngcl ugl clglghl kn 1 y nb vlbdr kn vdbtlmn kn slbkl.qun tngcl ugl clglghl kn 1 y nb vlbdr kn vdbtlmn kn slbkl.
Hdjd slanjdsHdjd slanjds VV gg^
:: 9 9 Gds vljds l culr pdr bl scungtn nhulhøgGds vljds l culr pdr bl scungtn nhulhøg
QQ``
VV (^) `` ∑∑VVgg
++ QQ
ff
VV (^) gg∑∑ VVdd ++ @@ (^) << :: 9 9
Pl qun bl jpnklghl ns knjlslkd lbtlPl qun bljpnklghl ns knjlslkd lbtl bl hdrrngtn qungcrnsl pdr ugl kn sus ngtbl hdrrngtn qungcrnsl pdr ugl kn sus ngtrlklsrlkls culbculb l hnrd, ngtdghns gds qunkl lsê=l hnrd, ngtdghns gds qunkl lsê=
QQ``
VV (^) `` ∑∑VVgg
++ QQ
ff
VV (^) gg ∑∑VVdd
P bds vdbtlmns kn bds gdkds VTy VTg sn punkngculblr ngtdghns=P bds vdbtlmns kn bds gdkds VTy VTg sn punkngculblr ngtdghns=
VV (^) gg :: VV (^) `` :: 9 9
Ngtdghns tngnjdsNgtdghns tngnjds
QQ``
∑∑VV (^) gg
++ QQ
ff
∑∑VV (^) dd
Xjpbfhljds y datngnjds qun=Xjpbfhljds y datngnjds qun=
QQ``
∑∑VV (^) gg
:: QQ
ff
∑∑VV (^) dd
QQ``
∑∑QQff
VV (^) dd VV (^) gg Nstn tàrjgd gd ns jìs qunNstn tàrjgd gd ns jìs qun clglghl knb ljpbfhlkdrclglghl knb ljpbfhlkdr VV (^) dd VV (^) gg P nb scgd - ns pdrqun ely ug hljad kn hhbd.P nb scgd - ns pdrqun ely ug hljad kn hhbd.
QQ``
∑∑QQff
Ledrl højd knanjds elbblr ugl rnsstnghLedrl højd knanjds elbblr ugl rnsstnghl qun gds pnrjtl tngnr ugl clglghl kn 1l qun gds pnrjtl tngnr ugl clglghl kn 1 tngnjdstngnjds qun=qun=
QQ``
∑∑QQff
P rnnjpblzljds gunstrd vlbdrP rnnjpblzljds gunstrd vlbdr
<9<9oo
∑∑QQff
QQff :: 11 ** << 99 oo
QQff :: 11 ** << 99999999
QQff :: 1 199999999
QQff :: QQ>> :: 1199 oo
Ledrl nb vdbtlmn kn slbkl tngn ugl clglghl kn 1v y nb vdbtlmn kn ngtrlkl ns kn <v nstdLedrl nb vdbtlmn kn slbkl tngn ugl clglghl kn 1v y nb vdbtlmn kn ngtrlkl ns kn <v nstd qunrn knhr qun nb vdbtlmn kn slbkl ns knqunrn knhr qun nb vdbtlmn kn slbkl ns kn
vv VV (^) dd
VV gg^ :: 1^1
<<vv^ vv
VV (^) dd
VV (^) dd :: 1 1 vv ++ <<vv
VV (^) dd :: 11 vv
-Nstuklgtn 8=-Nstuklgtn 8=
h.)h.) @@kknngtgtffqquunn nnbb ttppdd hhddggffccuurrlhlhøgøg kknbnb lljjppbbff``hlhlkkddrr ^^<<==KK,, hhllbbhhuubbnn nnbb vvllbbddrr knkn QQ33 ppllrrll
qun tngcl ugl clglghl kn 8 y nb vlbdr knb vdbtlmn kn slbkl.qun tngcl ugl clglghl kn 8 y nb vlbdr knb vdbtlmn kn slbkl.
QQ// BBll hhddggffccuurrllhhøøgg kknnbb DDpp lljjpp ^^<<==KK nnss ggdd ``ggvvnnrrssddrr.. NNgg nnbb hhuullbb bbll ssnnüüllbb kknn nnggttrrllkkll ssnn
llppbbhhll kkrrnnhhttlljjnnggttnn ll bbll nnggttrrllkkll ggdd ``ggvvnnrrssddrrll kknn jjddkkdd qquunn bbllss ssnnüüllbbnnss kknn nnggttrrllkkll yy slbkl sn nghungtrlg ng flsnslbkl sn nghungtrlg ng flsn
Ylrl datngnr ugl clglghl kn 8 knanjds uslr bl førjubl qun gds khn.Ylrl datngnr ugl clglghl kn 8 knanjds uslr bl førjubl qun gds khn.
Lvdb: Qrntrd/Qngt :7 Lvdb:19Odej/<9Odej:7Lvdb: Qrntrd/Qngt :7 Lvdb:19Odej/<9Odej:7 Lvdb: 8Lvdb: 8
plrl bl slbkl kn vdbtlmn gds lpdylrnjds ng bl førjubl qun khn.plrl bl slbkl kn vdbtlmn gds lpdylrnjds ng bl førjubl qun khn.
Vs: VngtLvdb :7 Vs: <V8:7Vs: VngtLvdb :7 Vs: <V8:7 Vs:8VVs:8V
-Nstuklgtn ;=-Nstuklgtn ;=
k.)k.) @@kknnggttffqquunn nnbb ttppdd hhddggffcucurrllhhøøgg kknbnb lljjppbbffhhllkkdrdr ^^<<==LL yy hhllbbhhuubbnn nnbb vvlblbddrr kknn QQ;; plplrrll
qun tngcl ugl clglghl kn <.qun tngcl ugl clglghl kn <.
BBll hhddggffccuurrllhhøøgg kknnbb lljjppbbffhhllkkddrr ^^<<==LL nnss bbll kknn ssuujjllkkddrr ``ggvvnnrrssddrr nnbb vvllbbddrr kknn bbll
rnsstnghl Q; sn elbbl lsê=rnsstnghl Q; sn elbbl lsê=
Kdgkn=Kdgkn= VV<<,, VV 11 ,, VV 88 XXddgg bbllss ttnnggssddggnnss kknn ssllbbkkll kknn hhllkkll uuggdd kknn bbddss lljjppbbffhhllkkddrrnnss kknn bbll nnttllppll lgtnrdr rnspnhtvljngtn.lgtnrdr rnspnhtvljngtn.
QQ<< : Q: Q 11 : Q: Q 88 : <99 OΩ: <99 OΩ
Ngtdghns=Ngtdghns=
BuncdBuncd knanknan snrsnr <,<, ngtdghns=ngtdghns=
-Nstuklgtn >=-Nstuklgtn >=
n.)n.) Hlbhublr nb vdbtlmn kn slbkl knb ljpbfhlkdr ^<=L.Hlbhublr nb vdbtlmn kn slbkl knb ljpbfhlkdr ^<=L.
^<=A : 1V^<=A : 1V
^<=H : <V^<=H : <V
^<=K: 8V^<=K: 8V
Ledrl qunkl hlbhublr nb vdbtlmn kn slbkl kn ^<=L, yl qun nstn trlalml hdjdLedrl qunkl hlbhublr nb vdbtlmn kn slbkl kn ^<=L, yl qun nstn trlalml hdjd sujlkdr,sujlkdr, sujlgkd bds vdbtlmns kn ngtrlkl, plrl nstd lpbhljds bl scungtn fdrjubl=sujlgkd bds vdbtlmns kn ngtrlkl, plrl nstd lpbhljds bl scungtn fdrjubl=
XXjjuubblhlhøøgg knknbb jjnnzzhbhbllkkddrr kknn ssnnüülblb hhddgg LLjjpp DDpp pprrddppuunsnsttdd nngg bbll qquunn snsn nnvvkknngghhnn
nb hdrrnhtd fughdgljngtd y bls scungtns jnkhdgns uslgkd nb dshbdshdpd.nb hdrrnhtd fughdgljngtd y bls scungtns jnkhdgns uslgkd nb dshbdshdpd.
Mnsus lbanrtd slghenzMnsus lbanrtd slghenz
- Ljpb
tuk kn bl snülb kn slbkl knb ljpbfhlkdr ^<= A- Ljpbtuk kn bl snülb kn slbkl knb ljpbfhlkdr ^<= A - Ljpb
tuk kn bl snülb kn slbkl knb ljpbfhlkdr ^<= H- Ljpbtuk kn bl snülb kn slbkl knb ljpbfhlkdr ^<= H
HdghbusdgnsHdghbusdgns
◄◄ NNgg nnssttnn ttrrllaallmmdd ppuukkjjddss vvnnrr qquunn bbll ccllggllgghhll kknn uugg lljjppbbffhhllkkddrr ggdd nnss jjllss qquunn bbll kkffnnrrnngghhll nnggttrrnn bbll nnggttrrllkkll yy bbll ssllbbkkll kknnbb jjssjjdd,, qquunn hhddgg hhllkkll uuggll kknn bbllss hdhdgfgfccururlhlhddgngnss knkn nsnsttnn ljljpbpbffhhlklkdrdr pdpdknknjdjdss snsncucu``rr vdvdbbtltlmnmns,s, susujjlrlr,, ggvnvnrtrtrr yy pdknjds bdcrlr ugl jnzhbl sg kstdrsdgns.pdknjds bdcrlr ugl jnzhbl sg kstdrsdgns. (Mulg Fnbpn Vnbnz Crlbkd)(Mulg Fnbpn Vnbnz Crlbkd)
◄◄ Nb HNb Hrhutrhutd Xujlkd Xujlkdr ns ugdr ns ug hrhuhrhutd juytd juy ýtb,ýtb, alslkd nalslkd ng bl hdg bl hdgfcurgfcurlhøg nslhøg nstìgklrtìgklr knb ljpbfhlkdr dpnrlhdglbgvnrsdr. Nstnknb ljpbfhlkdr dpnrlhdglbgvnrsdr. Nstn hrhutd pnrjtn hdjaglr jýbtpbnshrhutd pnrjtn hdjaglr jýbtpbns ngtrlkls, ns knhr,pnrjtn lülkr lbcnarlhljngtn kds d jìs snülbns d vdbtlmnsngtrlkls, ns knhr,pnrjtn lülkr lbcnarlhljngtn kds d jìs snülbns d vdbtlmns plrl fdrjlr bl sujl kn khels snülbns.plrl fdrjlr bl sujl kn khels snülbns.
◄◄ Ng guNg gunstrdnstrd hrhuhrhutd,td, lb rlb rnlbzlnlbzlr blr bl sjubsjublhøglhøg pdr ppdr pnqunüdsnqunüds nrrdrnrrdrns bns bl sjl sjublhøublhøgg gd gds klal ng nstd gds lyukl plrl r jnmdrlgkd yl qun bds pnqunüds nrrdrnsgd gds klal ng nstd gds lyukl plrlr jnmdrlgkd yl qun bds pnqunüds nrrdrns
ng bl sjublhøg tljaàg nb bl nbladrlhøg kn bds hrhutds gds punkn cngnrlrng bl sjublhøg tljaàg nb bl nbladrlhøg kn bds hrhutds gds punkn cngnrlrnrrdrnsnrrdrns
Qnfnrnghls uslkls.Qnfnrnghls uslkls.
Ybntn, M. Vnrclz, Q. Quz kn jlrhds, M. (1990).Ybntn, M. Vnrclz, Q. Quz kn jlrhds, M. (1990). Nbnhtrøghl Lgìbdcl plrl @gcngnrds.Nbnhtrøghl Lgìbdcl plrl @gcngnrds. (pp.(pp. 83-><). Qnhupnrlkd kn83-><). Qnhupnrlkd kn ettp=//aabdtnhlvrtulb.uglk.nku.hd=1933/ba/uglksp/rnlknr.lhtdg4ppc:;5&kdh@K:<9;05>98&tjettp=//aabdtnhlvrtulb.uglk.nku.hd=1933/ba/uglksp/rnlknr.lhtdg4ppc:;5&kdh@K:<9;05>98&tj :<;51909<066;>:<;51909<066;>
Cdgzìbnz, J. (19<>).Cdgzìbnz, J. (19<>). Kspdstvds Nbnhtrøghds.Kspdstvds Nbnhtrøghds. (pp.<13-<63). Qnhupnrlkd kn(pp.<13-<63). Qnhupnrlkd kn ettp=//aabdtnhlvrtulb.uglk.nku.hd=1933/ba/uglksp/rnlknr.lhtdg4ppc:<13&kdh@K:<<19<636&tettp=//aabdtnhlvrtulb.uglk.nku.hd=1933/ba/uglksp/rnlknr.lhtdg4ppc:<13&kdh@K:<<19<636&t j:<;51950>3<83;j:<;51950>3<83;
LjpbfhlkLjpbfhlkdrns dpnrldrns dpnrlhdglbns.hdglbns.Yrdynhtd NYrdynhtd Nbnhtrdghdbnhtrdghd .hdj.Hlrbd.hdj.Hlrbds Mlvnr Vgs Mlvnr Vgkls ([@1-HLkls ([@1-HLS)S) ettps=//www.prdyettps=//www.prdynhtdnbnhtrdghd.hdj/ljpbfhlkdrns-lukd/nhtdnbnhtrdghd.hdj/ljpbfhlkdrns-lukd/ljpbfhlkdrns-dpnrlhdglbns.etjbljpbfhlkdrns-dpnrlhdglbns.etjb
Sopnkl®.Ljpbfhlkdr dpnrlhdglb.<8 lar 19<0Sopnkl®.Ljpbfhlkdr dpnrlhdglb.<8 lar 19< ettps=//ns.wopnkl.drc/wo/LjpbfhlkdrTdpnrlhdglbettps=//ns.wopnkl.drc/wo/LjpbfhlkdrTdpnrlhdglb
