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4.1 Expressing degrees of obligation GR4.1)) 1 We had to wear a uniform when | was at school. 2 We don't need to buy tickets in advance. 3 You can't vote until you're eighteen. We can express different degrees of obligation, prohibition, necessity and advice with modal verbs (e.g. must, can't), semi-modal verbs (e.g. have to, ought to) and other phrases (e.g. supposed to, not necessary). Some common and useful uses include: Obligation We use must, have to and have got to to express obligation. Have got to is generally used in more informal contexts. We use had to as the past tense of both must and have to. You must/have to/'ve got to be eighteen to vote in the UK. We mustn't be late for the meeting. + Wecan also use need to to express obligation and necessity. You need to be eighteen to vote in the UK. + In more formal contexts, we can also use phrases such as be compulsory and be obligatory. The use of seatbelts is obligatory. We also use be supposed to, but this can imply that people sometimes may not comply. We're supposed to be in the office until 5.30. Lack of obligation We use don't have to to express a lack of obligation, in other words to say that someone is not obliged to do something. You don't have to go to the meeting, but it may be useful for you. + We can also use don't need to or needn't. You needn't be here until 7.30. + Wecan also use the phrase be not necessary. Itisn't necessary to go to the meeting. Prohibition We use can't, couldn't and not be able to to express prohibition. In the UK, women couldn't vote until 1918. + We can also use be not allowed. You're not allowed to smoke here. + Wealso use be not supposed to, but this can imply that people sometimes may not comply. We're not supposed to park here. Advice/suggestion We use shouldín't), ought to and must(n't) to give advice and make strong suggestions. You shouldn't eat so much junk food. + We.can also use had better (not) to express what we think is the correct or best thing to do. We'd better leave now before it gets dark. Rewrite the sentences so the meaning is the same using the words in italics. 1 You have to have at least third party insurance to drive a car. compulsory 2 Ithink we have to go to reception when we arrive. supposed 3 The best thing to do is leave before it's too late. better 4. You don't have to give your personal details. obligatory 5 Can we take photos in the gallery? allowed 6 You don't have to waitif you don't want to. necessary 7. 1don'tthink we should be doing this. supposed 8 Tthink you ought to speak to your boss about it. advice Complete sentences 1-8 with one word. Rules and laws from around the world d You[_———— run out of petrol on Germany's autobahn. Walking on an autobahn is also illegal. 2 In Victoria, Australia, the law states that only a licensed electrician is to change a light bulb. 3 In Canada, one out of every five songs on the radio] |besungbyaCanadian. 4 Until 1984, Belgians to choose their children's names from a list drawn up in the days of Napoleon. 5 InSingapore, you sell chewing gum. Itis against the law and a first offence can incur a fine ofup to S$100,000. 6 Under Australian law, it is for all eligible Australian citizens to vote. Itis a legal duty. 7 Whileitis not actually a law, teachers in the USA arenot, to leave the classroom and leave students alone at any time. 8 Inthe USA, women teachers[ — jget married until after the Second World War. 
