3. Determiners and pronouns

1. Determiners and determinatives

a. The determiner function particularizes the noun referent in different ways. They appear with

nouns and limit their reference.

i. The determiner function is realized by determinatives, those elements which identify a

nominal group referent by telling us which or what or whose it is, how much, now

many, what part or degree are we referring to, how big or frequent it is, how it is

distributed in time

ii. The term determinative (det) refers to the type of words that realize the function of

determiner (d)

b. Determinatives are closed class items

c. At semantical level, determinatives express the different features the speaker choses to

select and particularize and so help to identify the noun referent within the context of

discourse.

2. Types of determinatives

a. Defining and particularizing

i. Articles: definite and indefinite

1. An entity is considered as indefinite if there is nothing in the discourse or the

situation or our general knowledge of the world that identifies it for us.

ii. Demonstratives:

1. Provide deictic information, describing our reference to the world as specific

and near (this, these), or not near (that, those)

iii. Possessives:

1. Possessives are deictic and specific and signal different kinds of relations,

especially possessions.

2. Genitive

a. specifies either the owner or the subject or object of the second word.

b. Different functions: (descriptive)

i. My daughter’s car: possessive

ii. Napoleon’s army: subjective (Napoleon commanded the army)

iii. Napoleon’s defeat: objective (N. was defeated by X).

iv. Today’s paper: temporal

v. Europe’s chief cities: locative

c. Sometimes genitive serves as a classifier of the following noun. (A hard

plastic doll’s house)

iv. Interrogative/relative: what, whose, which

1. Wh-determinatives are deictic and indicate specific selection (which, whose)

and non-specific selection (what, whatever).

v. Exclamative: what a

b. Quantifiers and distributives: they particularize the referent by referring to its quantity, which

may be exact (two friends), non-exact (many friends) or partitive (three of my friends). They

tell us how many and how much

i. Selecting a quantifier depends of whether the referent is a count or mass noun:

1. Quantifiers that work with count nouns: many, a few, few, several, a couple of,

none of the.

2. Quantifiers that work with mass nouns: not much, a little, little, a bit of, a good

deal of, no

3. Quantifiers that work with both: all of the, some, most of, enough, a lot of, lots of,

plenty of, a lack or

ii. Types:

1. Fractionals: two-thirds, half, a dozen…

2. Multiplying: double, hundreds of

3. Non-exact: some, any, no much, a little, a few, many, several, enough. Non-

specific

4. Other quantifiers: a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of, a number of

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Determiners and pronouns
Determiners and determinatives a. The determiner function particularizes the noun referent in different ways. They appear with nouns and limit their reference. i. The determiner function is realized by determinatives, those elements which identify a nominal group referent by telling us which or what or whose it is, how much, now many, what part or degree are we referring to, how big or frequent it is, how it is distributed in time ii. The term determinative (det) refers to the type of words that realize the function of determiner (d) b. Determinatives are closed class items c. At semantical level, determinatives express the different features the speaker choses to select and particularize and so help to identify the noun referent within the context of discourse.
Types of determinatives a. Defining and particularizing i. Articles: definite and indefinite
An entity is considered as indefinite if there is nothing in the discourse or the situation or our general knowledge of the world that identifies it for us. ii. Demonstratives:
Provide deictic information, describing our reference to the world as specific and near (this, these), or not near (that, those) iii. Possessives:
Possessives are deictic and specific and signal different kinds of relations, especially possessions.
Genitive a. specifies either the owner or the subject or object of the second word. b. Different functions: (descriptive) i. My daughter’s car: possessive ii. Napoleon’s army: subjective (Napoleon commanded the army) iii. Napoleon’s defeat: objective (N. was defeated by X). iv. Today’s paper: temporal v. Europe’s chief cities: locative c. Sometimes genitive serves as a classifier of the following noun. (A hard plastic doll’s house) iv. Interrogative/relative: what, whose, which
Wh-determinatives are deictic and indicate specific selection (which, whose) and non-specific selection (what, whatever). v. Exclamative: what a b. Quantifiers and distributives: they particularize the referent by referring to its quantity, which may be exact (two friends), non-exact (many friends) or partitive (three of my friends). They tell us how many and how much i. Selecting a quantifier depends of whether the referent is a count or mass noun:
Quantifiers that work with count nouns: many, a few, few, several, a couple of, none of the.
Quantifiers that work with mass nouns: not much, a little, little, a bit of, a good deal of, no
Quantifiers that work with both: all of the, some, most of, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a lack or ii. Types:
Fractionals: two-thirds, half, a dozen…
Multiplying: double, hundreds of
Non-exact: some, any, no much, a little, a few, many, several, enough. Non- specific
Other quantifiers: a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of, a number of

Distributives: all, both, either, neither, each, every, none of. a. Distributives refer to each element or individual of a group or class, and not to the class as a whole. They express how we distribute, share or divide something b. Each and every refer to the members of a group as individuals; all refers to the whole group; both, either and neither pair them up; none excludes all c. Numerals and ordering i. Cardinal: one, two, three; three times. Denote exact quantity
When cardinal numerals are not placed before the noun they become a subclass of nouns called numerals. Like nouns, they can function as the head of a NP and can take determinatives. (the four of us travelles to London; the first of many; eleven twos are twenty two;
Watch out!: You are my first (pronoun) / you are my first love (determinative). ii. Ordinal: first, second. Express order. d. Semideterminatives i. Such, certain, former, latter, same, other, own, last, next, subsequent ii. In some grammars they are describes as adjectives, but according to Downing and Locke, they neither describe or specify their referent, that is why it is more adequate to classify them as examples of determinatives. e. The order of determiners i. In the NP, they follow a fixed order with respect to one another which cannot be altered. ii. Order:
Predeterminers: specify quantity in the noun which follows them a. Mutiplying: twice my salary; double my salary b. Fractions: half my salary c. The words all and both: all my salary, both my salaries
Central determiners: a. they are mutually exclusive and include the indefinite and definite articles as the most common central determiner. (all the books, half a chapter) b. Possessives (all your money) and demonstratives (all these problems)
Postdeterminers: a. Cardinal and ordinal numbers (the two children) b. General ordinals (my next project) c. Other quiantifying expressions (my many friends) d. Semideterminers (my next two projects) f. Constructions that are reflexive in Spanish but not in English: i. Her son bites his nails vs. su hijo se muerde las uñas ii. In English, rather than a reflexive pronoun, we use possessive determiners. In the last example, the subject performs the action described by the verb. But the same construction can have a causative meaning in the sense that the subject causes the action to occur (this use of se is, therefore, called ‘causative se’). In English, the causative meaning has to be made explicit, using the construction have /get something done. (I had my hair cut / *I cut my hair at the hairdresser)
Pronouns a. Definition i. Pronouns, like nouns, refer to people, animals, things and places. However, while nouns refer directly to entities in the world (exophoric reference), pronouns tends to refer to entities denoted by nouns in a text (endophoric or textual reference) ii. Pronouns are members of closes word classes which commonly stand for nouns. Some grammarians view them as a subclass of nouns. iii. Pronouns signal textual anaphoric reference, and function most prominently as heads of NPs. Thay can also be cataphoric sometimes (reference that comes later) When she parked her car, Sonia realized that..

Anything, anybody, anyone, something, somebody, someone, nothing, nobody, no one, none, all x. The substitute one
Numeral: I have one question to ask (determiner)
Personal pronoun: Give me one for now
Noun substitute: a. One has a generic sense when referring only to people. The pronoun one replaces count nouns, and is anaphoric as in (A: May I have those tapes) B: Which ones? xi. The pronoun such
Same form and meaning as its corresponding determiner, and signals anaphoric or cataphoric reference.
Anna is a good communicator, and as such, she reads her audience.
Such is a determiner if there is a noun in the vicinity, if it doesn’t accompany a noun, it is a pronoun that has a reference in the text. c. Function of pronouns at phrase level i. Head of a NP  Those (pron) who are smart will pass.
In these cases, the pronoun can take a post modifier (“who are smart”). ii. Completives of prepositions: John came with us d. Functions of pronouns at sentence level i. Functions:
Subject (S): They worked very hard
Direct object (Od): They invited them to the party
Indirect object (Oi) You should buy her some flowers
Subject complement (Cs) That’s me in the picture ii. Remarks:
Subject and object personal pronouns, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns may take restrictive relative clauses as postmodifiers: He (personal pronoun) who plays with fire gets burnt.
Object personal pronouns may be premodified by adjective and AdjPs: Silly you!
Indefinite pronouns may take adjectives as post modifiers: someone horrible 4. Interrogative and indefinite pronouns may be postmodifiers by PPs: Who in the world would think that? e. Deictics: The pronouns it, this and that: i. The deictics this and that can function as NP head to refer to a whole proposition or situation or something inferred from it, as use which is classified as pronominal. ii. Deictis point at something in space (that girl) and time (that dinner was delicious) iii. The pronominal reference may be 1. Anaphoric: Hilda was making a cake. This was her speciality. 2. Cataphoric: This is a security announcement. Passengers have to… 3. Exophoric (something outside the sentence/discourse). I never thought things would come to this. (meaning to this extreme).  shared background knowledge, only the speakers know the meaning. iv. Use in discourse: 1. It: continues the topic. Does not introduce new topic
This: a. Highlights or focuses upon a new topic, or something important and new in the text. b. Creates immediacy, and is used for things which are ‘here and now’ in the situation 3. That: a. we want to distance ourselves from an idea b. Also used to refer to earlier situations or anything the speaker feels distant in time or space f. Pronoun he as “gender neutral”:

i. Tradition of using the masculine pronoun he as a “gender neutral”. very confusing, leading readers to assume that the writer is referring exclusively to men ii. He is not gender neutral because speakers don’t use it to refer to indefinites whose referents are overwhelmingly female  nurse is usually referred to as she.

Determiners, Pronouns, and Quantifiers: A Comprehensive Guide, Apuntes de Morfología y Sintaxis

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