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Introduction to Introduction to
PhoneticsPhonetics
The Study of Speech SoundsThe Study of Speech Sounds
PhoneticPhonetic GroundingGrounding “…conditions“…conditions usedused inin naturalnatural languagelanguage directlydirectly reflectreflect physicalphysical correlates…”correlates…” ArchangeliArchangeli && PulleyblankPulleyblank 1994:1671994:
Areas of phonetics Areas of phonetics
¾¾ ArticulatoryArticulatory phoneticsphonetics ^ study of the physiological mechanisms of speechstudy of the physiological mechanisms of speech productionproduction ¾¾ Acoustic phoneticsAcoustic phonetics ^ study of the physical properties of sound wavesstudy of the physical properties of sound waves produced when we speakproduced when we speak ¾¾ Auditory phoneticsAuditory phonetics study of the perception of sound, as mediatedstudy of the perception of sound, as mediated by the ear, auditory nerve, and brainby the ear, auditory nerve, and brain
Goals of Phonetic Theory &Goals of Phonetic Theory &
PracticePractice
►► The Phonetician can …The Phonetician can … Describe speech chainDescribe speech chain Understand the mechanisms of speech productionUnderstand the mechanisms of speech production and perceptionand perception Knows how languages use these mechanismsKnows how languages use these mechanisms ►► Goals of phonetic science …Goals of phonetic science … IdentificationIdentification DescriptionDescription ClassificationClassification GeneralizationGeneralization
A. Describing the Speech ChainA. Describing the Speech Chain
►► (^) Purpose of speech: transmission of …Purpose of speech: transmission of … ►► Abercrombie: language & mediumAbercrombie: language & medium (artifact)(artifact) ►► (^) LibermanLiberman: brokered agreement: brokered agreement ►► DenesDenes & Pinson: cyclic communication chain& Pinson: cyclic communication chain
Recording Speech #1: Writing Recording Speech #1: Writing
►►Why don’t orthographies work?Why don’t orthographies work?
InconsistenciesInconsistencies
1 letter : 1+ sounds1 letter : 1+ sounds 1 sound : 1+ letters1 sound : 1+ letters 1 sound : letter combo1 sound : letter combo ^ 1 letter : sound combo1 letter : sound combo ^ Silent lettersSilent letters
Additional ProblemsAdditional Problems
► ►Level of transcriptionLevel of transcription BroadBroad NarrowNarrow ► ►Transcriber’s linguistic experienceTranscriber’s linguistic experience Continuum divided differentlyContinuum divided differently Unable to “hear” differences outside L1Unable to “hear” differences outside L ► ►CategoricalCategorical /p t k/ in English/p t k/ in English ► ►NonNon--categoricalcategorical ^ [[p pp pʰʰ ppʷʷ pp^ ̚ ̚pp^ ̉ ̉] in English] in English
Solution: The International Solution: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
^^ Designed by the the International PhoneticDesigned by the the International Phonetic AssociationAssociation Develop a set of symbols which would beDevelop a set of symbols which would be convenientconvenient to useto use ^ ButButcomprehensivecomprehensive enough to cope with the wideenough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of thevariety of sounds found in the languages of the worldworld
^^^ Has the potential to represent with the sounds ofHas the potential to represent with the sounds of every human languageevery human language IPA web siteIPA web site
Guiding ideas Guiding ideas
¾¾ some human sounds are important,some human sounds are important, others are notothers are not ¾¾ HolophonicHolophonic: speech can be represented: speech can be represented asas^ segmentssegments ¾¾ (^) Major categories:Major categories: (^) consonantsconsonants && (^) vowelsvowels ¾¾ phonetic description by articulationphonetic description by articulation ¾¾ suprasegmentalsuprasegmental aspects independentlyaspects independently representedrepresented IPA chartIPA chart
B. Mechanism of Speech Chain B. Mechanism of Speech Chain
►►AnatomyAnatomy
SublaryngealSublaryngeal LaryngealLaryngeal SupralaryngealSupralaryngeal ►►SammySammy
►►MetaphorsMetaphors
Pneumatic devicePneumatic device Source~filterSource~filter
Basic Speech EventsBasic Speech Events
► ►Initiation:Initiation: an activity that initiates the flow of airan activity that initiates the flow of air ► ►PhonationPhonation an activity that modulates the quality of soundsan activity that modulates the quality of sounds ► ►ArticulationArticulation an activity that modulates or articulates the airan activity that modulates or articulates the air streamstream
InitiationInitiation
►►Setting the airstreamSetting theairstream in motionin motion ^ Change in pressureChange in pressure
►►Consequent direction of the airflowConsequent direction of the airflow
►►MechanismsMechanisms ^ PulmonicPulmonic GlottalicGlottalic VelaricVelaric
Direction Direction
► ►EgressiveEgressive/pressure/pressure Exhalation: deflation of lungs and consequent Exhalation: deflation of lungs and consequent compression of the aircompression of the air
► ►Ingressive/suctionIngressive/suction Inhalation: dilate the lungs, sucking air into the Inhalation: dilate the lungs, sucking air into the lungslungs
Abercrombie’s QuestionsAbercrombie’s Questions
►►What is the airstreamWhat is theairstream mechanism?mechanism?
►►Is the airstreamIs theairstream ingressive oringressive or egressiveegressive??
►►What is the state of the glottis?What is the state of the glottis?
►►What is the position of the velum?What is the position of the velum?
►►What is the active articulator?What is the active articulator?
►►What is the passive articulator?What is the passive articulator?
►►What is the degree and nature of strictureWhat is the degree and nature ofstricture??
Recording Speech #2: Digitizing Recording Speech #2: Digitizing
► ►Anatomy > compression/rarefactionAnatomy > compression/rarefaction ► ►WaveformWaveform AmplitudeAmplitude TimeTime ► ►SpectrumSpectrum AmplitudeAmplitude FrequencyFrequency ► ►SpectrogramSpectrogram All threeAll three
