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Gerund, infinitive_ PDF, Apuntes de Matemáticas aplicadas a las Ciencias Sociales II

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GE RU ND IO /IN FIN IT IVO
1.- V an se guido s de G ERU NDIO
a) Lo s sig uiente s ve rbos
ad mit , ant icip ate , avo id , con sider , defe r, dela y, deny, d etes t, dre ad, enjo y, excu se, fanc y, fin ish, forg ive, ima gine, invo lve , keep ,
mi nd, m iss, pa rdo n, po stpo ne, p rev ent , re col lect , re sen t, r esis t, ri sk, sto p, s ug ges t, un derst and
b) Pued en te ner una prepo sición ante el g eru ndio, s obr e tod o c uand o tien en un co mpl eme nto dir ect o:
be for /ag ain st, car e fo r, fee l like, give up, ke ep on, lea ve of f, lo ok fo rward to, p ut of f, s ee a bout , ta ke t o
c) exp resion es como:
be acc ustom ed to , be u sed to , can 't h elp , ca n't sta nd, i t's n o go od, it's no use , it's w orth (wh ile) , wou ldn 't m ind, don 't mi nd
d) Tod os los ve rbo s a la de rec ha d e una pre posic ión (ex cepto TO) deb en ir en ger und io.
e) Cuand o e l ve rbo es el suj eto de una frase :
* Cuand o la acció n se cons ide ra en un senti do gen eral. Imp lica que el habl ant e tiene exp erienc ia. Pued e usar se tamb ién el
infi niti vo, pero ello impli ca una op inió n no liga da a la ex per ienc ia:
Stu dying ever yda y is q uite tiri ng. T o cl imb a mou nta in m ust b e a tire some an d d ang erou s ex perie nce .
* Cuand o la acció n se c ons idera un háb ito.
* Cuand o es un a a cció n pro hibida.
f) C on adje tivo s:
* Tr as B US Y y W O RT H
* Alg uno s adj etiv os, aco mpaña dos p or pr epo sicion es esp eciale s va n segu idos de geru ndio:
kee p on , be prou d o f, be acc ustom ed to , be u sed t o, b e exe mp t from
2.- V an se guido s de GE RU ND IO /IN FIN ITIV O ( °: con cam bio d e se ntido ; ¯sin cam bio d e sen tido ):
ad vise (°), allo w (°), beg in (¯), ca n't bea r, conti nue (¯), de serv e (¯), dr ead (°), for get (°), go on (°), ha te (°), inten d (¯), like
(°), lo ve (°), me an (°), need (¯), perm it (°), pre fer (°), pro pose (°), r eco mme nd (°), re gre t (°), re mem ber (°), r equ ire (¯),
sta rt (¯), sto p (°), try (°), w ant (°)
* a dvi se, a llow , pe rm it, re co mme nd llev an i nfin itiv o si la per sona men cio nad a apa rec e
* Co n much os de e stos verbo s, co mo like , love , prefer, ha te, d rea d, c an't b ear , se sig ue G ERU ND IO cua ndo la acc ión se p iens a en un
sen tido gene ral (= uso de la form a con dicion al), y se sigu e INF INIT IVO cuan do se pie nsa en un tie mpo d eterm ina do.
* Desp ués de forg et, regr et, reme mbe r se usa GE RU ND IO p ara r eferirse a una acc ión q ue ocurre ant es del verb o p rinc ipal. Se usa
IN FIN ITIV O p ara re ferirs e a alg o q ue o curre de spu és d el ve rbo pr inci pal.
* Los verbo s deser ve, need, require, wa nt, pu ede n ir seg uid os ind istinta men te por GER UND IO O INF INI TI VO PASI VO cua ndo tien en
el s ignific ado d e nec esit ar ( esta cami sa n ecesit a u n pl anc hado) y siem pre ti ene n id ea pa siva .
* T ras e l verb o tr y se usa IN FINI TIV O cua ndo ti ene el si gnif icad o de i nten to e imp lica d ificu ltad. S e usa G ERU ND IO c uando signif ica
com prob ar y n o im plica dif icul tad .
* T ras pr op ose se usa INFIN ITIV O, cua ndo signi fica "te ner in tenció n de" . C on G ERU ND IO significa sugeren cia.
* M ea n con GER UN DIO sign ifica " implicar" . Con INFI NITI VO "inte ntar ".
* S top co n G ERUN DIO sig nific a "ce sar un a a cció n par a em pezar ot ra" . Co n INF INIT IVO s ignific a "alt o".
* G o o n con ge rund io sig nifica la con tinu ació n de algo ya em pez ado. Con INFI NITI VO conti nua r co n alg o n uevo.
* U sed to con infin itivo s ignific a una acc ión pa sad a o háb ito qu e no p ervive .
* T o b e u sed to con GER UND IO sign ific a estar aco stumb rado.
* Tr as w ant se us a TO INFI NIT IVO en su signi fica do hab itual de “qu erer” , per o seguid o de GE RUN DIO signif ica h ace r fal ta, ne cesita r:
“thi s sh irt wa nts / ne eds iro ning.”
3.- V an se guido s de INF INIT IVO :
a) Seg uidos de TO + IN FINI TIV O:
aff ord , agre e, ai m, app ear, a rra nge , both er, c are , ch anc e, cla im, c ons ent , de cide , dem and , ende avo ur, fa il, get , ha ppe n, hav e,
hes itate, hope , lear n, lon g, man age , off er, pr epa re, pre tend , pro ceed, prom ise, ref use , reso lve, see k, see m, swea r, tend, threa ten ,
tro ubl e, u ndert ake , volu nteer
* A uxil iare s segu ido s d e T O + I NFINI TIV O:
be, dare , ha ve, n eed , ou ght, u sed
b) Verbos seg uid os de OB JET O + TO + IN FIN ITIV O:
ad vise , allow , ask, co mp el, e ncou rag e, e xpe ct, for bid, in struct , inv ite, ob lige, o rder, perm it, re mi nd, req ues t, te ach , tell, t em pt,
urg e, wa nt, wa rn
* V erbos seg uidos de OB JET O + TO + IN FINI TI VO /T O + IN FINIT IVO
ask , beg , ex pect, ha te, help , inte nd, lik e, lov e, m ean, pr efer , wan t, w ish
c) Ve rbo s segu ido s d e O BJET O + INF INIT IVO :
fee l, hea r, hel p, l et, liste n, m ake , see, wa tch
* A uxil iare s segu idos d e INF INIT IVO:
wil l, sh all, w ould , sh oul d, can , co uld, m ay, mig ht, d o, m ust
* L as p repos icione s EXC EP T y B UT va n se guida s d e B AR E I NF INI TIV E (In finitiv o s in T O)
d) Inf initi vo de pro pós ito . A vece s s e usa el infin itivo par a indic ar la razó n de hacer algo . S e utiliz a TO + INFI NIT IVO. Las
est ruct uras SO A S TO y IN OR DE R TO int ens ific an la ide a de pr opó sito. La c ons trucció n FO R + OBJ ETO + TO +
IN FIN ITIV O t amb ién ti ene la idea de p rop ósito.
e) T O+ IN FINIT IVO tra s el ver bo T O B E + A DJET IVO se usa con a dje tivo s de e moció n com o:
am azed , an gry, a sha med, ast oni she d, b ewild ere d, d eligh ted, disap poi nte d, d isg uste d, exc ited , glad , happ y, ove rjoye d, p lease d,
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GERUNDIO/INFINITIVO

1.- Van seguidos de GERUNDIO a) Los siguientes verbos adm it, anticipate, avoid , consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dread, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, im agine, involve, keep, mind, m iss, pardon, postpone, prevent, recollect, resent, resist, risk, stop, suggest, understand b) Pueden tener una preposición ante el gerundio, sobre todo cuando tienen un complemento directo: be for/against, care for, feel like, give up, keep on, leave off, look forward to, put off, see about, take to c) expresiones como: be accustom ed to, be used to, can't help, can't stand, it's no good, it's no use, it's worth (while), wouldn't m ind, don't m ind d) Todos los verbos a la derecha de una preposición (excepto TO) deben ir en gerundio. e) Cuando el verbo es el sujeto de una frase:

  • Cuando la acción se considera en un sentido general. Implica que el hablante tiene experiencia. Puede usarse también el infinitivo, pero ello implica una opinión no ligada a la experiencia: Studying everyday is quite tiring. To climb a mountain must be a tiresome and dangerous experience.
  • Cuando la acción se considera un hábito.
  • Cuando es una acción prohibida. f) Con adjetivos:
  • Tras BUSY y W ORTH
  • Algunos adjetivos, acompañados por preposiciones especiales van seguidos de gerundio: keep on, be proud of, be accustomed to, be used to, be exem pt from

2.- Van seguidos de GERUNDIO/INFINITIVO (∞: con cambio de sentido; Øsin cambio de sentido): advise (∞), allow (∞), begin (Ø), can't bear, continue (Ø), deserve (Ø), dread (∞), forget (∞), go on (∞), hate (∞), intend (Ø), like (∞), love (∞), mean (∞), need (Ø), permit (∞), prefer (∞), propose (∞), recom m end (∞), regret (∞), rem em ber (∞), require (Ø), start (Ø), stop (∞), try (∞), want (∞)

  • advise , allow , permit , recommend llevan infinitivo si la persona mencionada aparece
  • Con muchos de estos verbos, como like , love , prefer , hate , dread , can't bear , se sigue GERUNDIO cuando la acción se piensa en un sentido general (=uso de la forma condicional), y se sigue INFINITIVO cuando se piensa en un tiempo determinado.
  • Después de forget , regret , remember se usa GERUNDIO para referirse a una acción que ocurre antes del verbo principal. Se usa INFINITIVO para referirse a algo que ocurre después del verbo principal.
  • Los verbos deserve , need , require , want , pueden ir seguidos indistintamente por GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO PASIVO cuando tienen el significado de necesitar (esta camisa necesita un planchado) y siempre tienen idea pasiva.
  • Tras el verbo try se usa INFINITIVO cuando tiene el significado de intento e implica dificultad. Se usa GERUNDIO cuando significa comprobar y no implica dificultad.
  • Tras propose se usa INFINITIVO, cuando significa "tener intención de". Con GERUNDIO significa sugerencia.
  • M ean con GERUNDIO significa "implicar". Con INFINITIVO "intentar".
  • Stop con GERUNDIO significa "cesar una acción para empezar otra". Con INFINITIVO significa "alto".
  • Go on con gerundio significa la continuación de algo ya empezado. Con INFINITIVO continuar con algo nuevo.
  • Used to con infinitivo significa una acción pasada o hábito que no pervive.
  • To be used to con GERUNDIO significa estar acostumbrado.
  • Tras want se usa TO INFINITIVO en su significado habitual de “querer”, pero seguido de GERUNDIO significa hacer falta, necesitar: “this shirt wants / needs ironing.”

3.- Van seguidos de INFINITIVO : a) Seguidos de TO + INFINITIVO: afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, bother, care, chance, claim , consent, decide, dem and, endeavour, fail, get, happen, have, hesitate, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, proceed, prom ise, refuse, resolve, seek, seem , swear, tend, threaten, trouble, undertake, volunteer

  • Auxiliares seguidos de TO + INFINITIVO: be, dare, have, need, ought, used b) Verbos seguidos de OBJETO + TO + INFINITIVO: advise, allow, ask, compel, encourage, expect, forbid, instruct, invite, oblige, order, perm it, rem ind, request, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn
  • Verbos seguidos de OBJETO + TO + INFINITIVO /TO + INFINITIVO ask, beg, expect, hate, help, intend, like, love, m ean, prefer, want, wish c) Verbos seguidos de OBJETO + INFINITIVO: feel, hear, help, let, listen, make, see, watch
  • Auxiliares seguidos de INFINITIVO: will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, do, must
  • Las preposiciones EXCEPT y BUT van seguidas de BARE INFINITIVE (Infinitivo sin TO) d) Infinitivo de propósito. A veces se usa el infinitivo para indicar la razón de hacer algo. Se utiliza TO + INFINITIVO. Las estructuras SO AS TO y IN ORDER TO intensifican la idea de propósito. La construcción FOR + OBJETO + TO + INFINITIVO también tiene la idea de propósito. e) TO+ INFINITIVO tras el verbo TO BE + ADJETIVO se usa con adjetivos de emoción como: amazed, angry, ashamed, astonished, bewildered, delighted, disappointed, disgusted, excited, glad, happy, overjoyed, pleased,

proud, sad, shocked, sorry, surprised, upset y con otros como awkward , difficult , easy , hard , possible.

EJEM PLOS The Prime Minster admitted taking bribes. Get some instruction even though you don't anticipate using it. He turned his head trying to avoid breathing in the vapour. If you mean to do something do it deliberately. You might consider moving to a new house. The company deferred paying the employees. She delayed starting divorce proceedings for six months. They detest (the very thought of) living elsewhere. Everything you dread doing you must do straight away They dreaded him coming. I enjoy playing my guitar. I could never excuse him for being so rude I could never excuse his being so rude She asked to be excused from acting that evening. Excuse me butting in. I don't fancy going back to that dreary house alone. He finished the argument (by) walking out of the room. They finished up serving in a shop. The family could be forgiven for thinking we’re living in London. I can't imagine asking him for money. Try to imagine (you're) sitting in a cloud. Caring for a one-year-old involves changing nappies and making special meals. Keep going , don't stop. If you don't mind me/my saying so. I miss watching my favourite series, but it's not on any longer. Pardon me for interrupting / Pardon my interrupting. To delay something is to postpone it happening. You prevent someone from doing something. Are you instructed to prevent me entering?

I recollect playing here when this was a playground. They resent being treated as common criminals. If you resist doing something you stop yourself from doing it. If you have an expensive rug don't risk washing it yourself. He suggested going to the cinema. I only understand killing in self-defence. I'm for/against going to that house again. I care for starving people. John gave up drinking five years ago. He kept on drinking till he died. I'm looking forward to seeing you again They kept putting off signing the paper. She went to the office to see about (getting) an increase. If you take to doing something, you begin to do it as a regular habit. He can't help being useless I can't help thinking it was a mistake to let him go. I can't stand listening to that noise all the time. It's no use begging him, he won't lend you any money. It's no good worrying any more tonight. It's worth paying a little attention. I don't mind staying a little longer. I wouldn't mind being paid a little more. I'm accustomed to getting up quite early. I'm used to getting up quite early. I'm busy talking on the phone. It's worth paying a little extra. However we complain they keep on throwing parties. I'm proud of being who I am. I am glad to see you

There are many verbs that are not generally used in the progressive tenses and others that are not used in certain of their meanings. (In grammars, these verbs are often called “stative verbs”; verbs that can normally have progressive forms are called “dynamic verbs”.) The most important of these verbs are:

  1. Dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish.
  2. Astonish, impress, please, satisfy, surprise.
  3. Believe, doubt, feel (have an opinion), guess, imagine, know, mean, realize, recognize, remember, suppose, think (have an opinion), understand.
  4. Hear, see, measure (have length, etc), taste, (have a flavour), smell (give out smell), sound, weigh (have weight).
  5. Belong to, concern, consist of, contain, depend on, deserve, fit, include, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, own, possess.
  6. Appear, resemble, seem.

Compare the progressive and non-progressive uses of certain verbs: W hat are you thinking about?................................ I think you’re right. I’m feeling fine........................................... I feel we shouldn’t do it. W hy are you sm elling the meat? Is it bad?...................... The meat sm ells bad. I’m just tasting your whisky.................................. Your whisky tastes wonderful. The scales broke when I was weighing myself................... I weigh 68 kilos. W hy ’s that man m easuring the street?.......................... I m easure 75 cm around the waist. I ’m seeing Philip tomorrow.................................. I see what you mean.

Note the common use of can see and can hear instead of progressive tenses of see and hear :

I can hear a funny noise I can see a woman doing the housework in the flat opposite.

Note that verbs which are never used in progressive tenses (like know ) have “ -ing ” forms which can be used as participles, objects of prepositions, etc.

Knowing her tastes, I bought her a large box of chocolates. I don’t like to go to a foreign country without knowing a little of the language.