Word Formation: Clipping, Suppletion, Reduplication, Blending, Derivation, and more, Diapositivas de Gramática y Composición

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Clipping

Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or

shortened without changing the meaning of the word. For example:

advertisement – ad

examination – exam

gymnasium – gym

laboratory – lab

The three types of clipping are back clipping, fore-clipping and

middle clipping. Back clipping is removing the end of a word as

in gas from gasoline. Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a

word as in gator from alligator. Middle clipping is retaining only

the middle of a word as in flu from influenza.

Blending

Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose

meaning is often a combination of the original words. For example:

 work + alcoholic → workaholic

 biographical + picture → biopic

 breakfast + lunch → brunch

 cybernetic + organism → cyborg

 Spanish + English → Spanglish

Derivation

Derivation is the word formation process in which a derivational affix attaches to the base

form of a word to create a new word.

Prefixes Suffixes

 a - :without, not -ize, -ise: to cause or to become

 co - :together -ly: in what manner something is done

 de - :opposite, negative, removal, separation -ward: in a certain direction

 dis - :opposite, negative -en: become

Back-Formation

Back-formation is the word formation process in which an actual or

supposed derivational affix detaches from the base form of a word

to create a new word.

Original – Back-formation

babysitter – babysit

donation – donate

gambler – gamble

Allomorphs

An allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme, that is, when a unit

of meaning varies in sound without changing the meaning.

s/, /z/, and [əz], as in kicks, cats, and sizes, respectively.

Abbreviations

Abbreviation is the word formation process in which a word or phrase is

shortened.For example:

Apr. – April

cm – centimeter(s)

dept. – department

Dr. – doctor

Acronyms

Acronyms are words formed by the word formation process in which an

initialism is pronounced as a word.

ASAP – as soon as possible

NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration

PIN – personal identification number

Eponyms

Eponyms are a word form by the word formation process in which a new word is formed from the

name of a real of fictitious person. For example:

malapropism – Mrs. Malaprop

mesmerize – Franz Anton Mesmer

mirandize – Ernesto A. Miranda

narcissistic – Narcissus

nicotine – Jean Nicot

pasteurization – Louis Pasteur

boycott – Charles C. Boycott

Coinages

Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or

accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from seemingly nothing.

Frisbee Google

Kerosene Kleenex

Aspirin escalator

Compounding

Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more

free morphemes combine into a single new word. Compound

words may be written as one word or as two words joined with a

hyphen. For example:

 noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook

 adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry

 verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom

 noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed

 verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry

 adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight

 verb-preposition compound: break + up → breakup

 preposition-verb compound: out + run → outrun

 adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet

 preposition-preposition compound: in + to → into

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