¡Descarga Gramática de inglés 1 bach y más Apuntes en PDF de Inglés solo en Docsity!
Grammar
According to → Según Apart from → Aparte de As for → En cuanto a / Por lo que respecta a Because of → Debido a / A causa de In case of → En caso de Regardless of → Independientemente de / Sin importar By means of → Por medio de / Mediante In favour of → A favor de Instead of → En lugar de / En vez de On behalf of → En nombre de / De parte de Off duty At times In tears Out of date Under control By mistake Without delay On purpose To each other Fo r a change At all costs Under the impression Without fail On strike (En huelga) In secret Out of stock In reutrn Out of breath At a Profit All by himself In public Out of practice On average Out of sight On the whole In detail By heart → De memoria In difficulties → En dificultades / Con problemas Out of work → Sin trabajo / Desempleado By sight → De vista In pain → Con dolor / Adolorido In two → En dos / Por la mitad On sale → En oferta / En venta (según el contexto) Without a doubt → Sin duda / Sin lugar a dudas
At any rate → De todos modos / En cualquier caso
In person → En persona
Out of danger → Fuera de peligro
Out of tune → Desafinado / Fuera de tono
From now on → De ahora en adelante
In private → En privado
Out of order → Fuera de servicio / Descompuesto
Under orders → Bajo órdenes
Accuse somebody of (Acusar a alguien de) Add to (Añadir a) Agree with somebody (Estar de acuerdo con alguien) Agree on something (Estar de acuerdo sobre algo) Aim at (Apuntar a) Apologise for (Disculparse por) Apply for a job / candidacy (Postularse / Solicitar un trabajo o candidatura) (Dis)approve of (Desaprobar / Aprobar algo) Argue with (Discutir con) Arrest somebody for (Arrestar a alguien por) Attend to (Atender a) Believe in (Creer en) Belong to (Pertenecer a) Blame somebody for (Culpar a alguien de) Complain about (Quejarse de) Concentrate on (Concentrarse en) Consist of (Consistir en) Deal with (Tratar con / Encargarse de) Insist on (Insistir en) Laugh at (Reírse de) Prevent somebody from (Evitar que alguien haga algo) Refer to (Referirse a) Rely on (Confiar en / Depender de) Smile at (Sonreír a) Succeed in (Tener éxito en) Thank somebody for (Agradecer a alguien por) Warn somebody about (Advertir a alguien sobre) Gerund Infinitive 1.As the subject E.g Smoking is harmful 2.After a preposition Im sick of getting (except to)* 3.After certain verbs 1.After an adjective Its easy to use 2.To express purpose (para) Excepeción utility function ; for + gerund 3.After certain verbs *Looking forward to your birthday… Be used to Get used to 1 .With no change in the sentences It started To rain Raining 2 .With a change in meaning Eg : a)He stopped to smoke (for a moment) b)He stopped smoking (Quit habit)
2.Must/have to/had to/must
- Obligation I must/ Have to help at home
- Prohibition Mustn’t
- Lack of obligation Don’t have to
- Past Had to
- Deduction Can’t and must (E.g. That must be Jack//That can’t be Jack) 3.May/Might
- Permission May I…?
- Probability It may/might (could) snow
- "Might have" is more commonly used than "may have" when talking about past possibilities. Example: She might have forgotten her keys. (More natural) She may have forgotten her keys. (Also correct but slightly less common in past contexts.)
- Politeness/Formality "Might" can sound more tentative or polite than "may." Example: I may go to the party. (Neutral statement) I might go to the party. (Sounds less certain and more polite.) 4.Should/Ought to
- Advice
- Tentative influence That should be cuenca (must be cuenca) 5.Would
- Polite requests Would you like..? 6.Shall
- Offers ; Shall I…? Shall we continue? 7.Needn’t/need to/don’t need to 1 Used to (+ verb) 🔹 Meaning : Refers to a past habit or state that no longer exists. 🔹 Structure : used to + base verb 🔹 When to Use : To talk about repeated actions or situations in the past that are no longer true. 🔹 Examples: I used to live in New York, but now I live in Los Angeles. She used to play the piano when she was a child. They used to go to the gym every morning. 🔹 Common mistake : Don’t use "used to" for present habits! Instead, use the present simple: 🔹 I use to wake up early. 🔹 I wake up early every day. 2 ⃣ Get used to (+ noun/gerund)
🔹 Meaning : The process of becoming familiar with something new. 🔹 Structure : get used to + (noun / verb + -ing) 🔹 When to Use : When someone is in the process of adjusting to a new situation. 🔹 Examples: I just moved to Spain, so I need to get used to the hot weather. He is getting used to waking up early for his new job. At first, it was hard, but I got used to working night shifts. 3 Be used to (+ noun/gerund) 🔹 Meaning : Already familiar or comfortable with something. 🔹 Structure : be used to + (noun / verb + -ing) 🔹 When to Use : When something is normal or not difficult anymore. 🔹 Examples: I am used to waking up early. (It’s normal for me now.) She is used to the cold weather because she grew up in Canada. They are used to eating spicy food. 🔹 Quick Trick to Remember : " Used to " = past habit " Get used to " = becoming familiar " Be used to " = already familiar Noun Formation (from verbs, adjectives, or other nouns) 🔹 Common Suffixes: -ment (enjoy → enjoyment) -ion/-ation (act → action, organize → organization) -ness (happy → happiness) -ity/-ty (able → ability, responsible → responsibility) -er/-or/-ist (write → writer, act → actor, art → artist) 🔹 Examples in a sentence: His decision (decide) changed everything. She showed great kindness (kind) to her friends. The inventor (invent) received an award. 2 ⃣ Adjective Formation (from nouns or verbs) 🔹 Common Suffixes:
🔹 Common Prefixes: un- (happy → unhappy) in-/im-/il-/ir- (correct → incorrect, legal → illegal, possible → impossible, responsible → irresponsible) dis- (agree → disagree) mis- (understand → misunderstand) non- (sense → nonsense) 🔹 Examples in a sentence: That’s an illogical (logical) argument. She was unhappy (happy) with the results. I completely misunderstood (understand) his point. 1 Will (Future Simple) → Predictions, Promises, Instant Decisions 🔹 Form: will + base verb 🔹 Usage: 🔹 Spontaneous decisions → "I forgot my wallet! Don’t worry, I will pay for you." 🔹 Predictions (not based on evidence) → "I think it will rain tomorrow." 🔹 Promises & offers → "I will always love you." 🔹 Future facts → "The sun will rise at 6 AM." 🔹 Not used for planned actions → Use going to instead. 2 Be Going to → Plans & Predictions (with Evidence) 🔹 Form: be + going to + base verb 🔹 Usage: 🔹 Future plans & intentions → "We are going to travel to Spain next month." 🔹 Predictions (with evidence) → "Look at those clouds! It is going to rain soon." 🔹 Not used for instant decisions → Use will instead. 3 Present Continuous (for Future) → Arranged Plans 🔹 Form: be + verb-ing 🔹 Usage: 🔹 Fixed plans with a specific time → "I am meeting my friend at 5 PM." 🔹 Future arrangements → "They are flying to Paris next Friday." 🔹 Not used for distant, uncertain plans → Use going to instead. 4 Simple Present (for Future) → Schedules & Timetables 🔹 Form: subject + base verb 🔹 Usage: 🔹 Official schedules & timetables → "The train leaves at 10 AM." 🔹 Fixed events (beyond personal control) → "The exam starts next Monday."
🔹 Not used for personal plans → Use present continuous instead. 5 Future Continuous → Ongoing Actions in the Future 🔹 Form: will be + verb-ing 🔹 Usage: 🔹 Action in progress at a specific future time → "This time tomorrow, I will be flying to London." 🔹 Polite questions about plans → "Will you be joining us for dinner?" 🔹 Predicting what someone will be doing → "Don’t call me at 8; I will be working ." 🔹 Not used for simple future facts → Use will instead. 6 Future Perfect → Completed Action Before a Future Time 🔹 Form: will have + past participle 🔹 Usage: 🔹 Something that will be finished before a specific future time → "By next year, I will have graduated from university." "She will have finished her work by 5 PM." 🔹 Not used for actions in progress → Use future perfect continuous instead. 7 Future Perfect Continuous → Ongoing Action Up to a Future Point 🔹 Form: will have been + verb-ing 🔹 Usage: 🔹 An action that continues up to a point in the future → "By 2026, I will have been working here for 10 years." "By the time you arrive, we will have been waiting for an hour!" 🔹 Not used for short-term actions → Use future perfect instead.
Plans & intentions (already decided) → "I am going to visit my grandma next week." Predictions (with evidence) → "Look at those clouds! It is going to rain soon." 🔹 Don’t use "going to" for timetables/schedules! Use Simple Present instead. 3 Present Continuous (be + verb-ing) 🔹 Use when: Planned arrangements → "I am meeting Sarah tomorrow at 5 PM." Future events already organized → "We are flying to Italy next Friday." 🔹 Don’t use Present Continuous for distant or uncertain plans! Use "going to" instead. 4 Simple Present (for Future) (base verb) 🔹 Use when: Fixed schedules/timetables → "The train leaves at 10 AM." Official programs/events → "The concert starts at 8 PM." 🔹 Don’t use Simple Present for personal plans! Use Present Continuous instead. 5 Future Continuous ("will be" + verb-ing) 🔹 Use when: Action in progress at a specific future time → "This time tomorrow, I will be flying to New York." Polite questions about plans → "Will you be joining us for dinner?" Predicting what someone will be doing → "At 8 PM, she will be working ." 🔹 Don’t use Future Continuous for completed actions! Use Future Perfect instead. 6 Future Perfect ("will have" + past participle) 🔹 Use when: Action will be completed before a certain future time → "By next year, I will have finished my studies." Talking about an achievement before a deadline → "By 2025, they will have built the bridge." 🔹 Don’t use Future Perfect for ongoing actions! Use Future Perfect Continuous instead.
7 Future Perfect Continuous ("will have been" + verb-ing) 🔹 Use when: Action that will continue up to a specific future time → "By 2030, I will have been working here for 10 years." Emphasizing the duration of an action before a future time → "By 5 PM, she will have been studying for 6 hours." 🔹 Don’t use Future Perfect Continuous for short-term actions! Use Future Perfect instead. I my Mine Me myself You Your Yours You Yourself He His His Him Himself She Her Hers Her Herself It Its - It Itself We Our Ours Us Ourselves You Your Your You Yourselves they Their theirs them Themselves At each other At one another Bastante :quite (neutral) rather(negative quality) fairly pretty(possitive quality)
Conditionals
o Type 0 pr simple + pr simple scientific facts o Type 1 If you help me, I’ll pass maths Pr simple + Future (will,could,might,may,could) (Unless =If not) I won’t pass unless you help me o Type 2 If I were rich, I would move to NY Pr simple + simple conditional ( could,would,might) o Type 3 If I ha dhad enough time, I would have studied harder (Past perfect + Conditional perfect would,could, may have -ed) Wether if … or not May/might probability Could possibility
