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English Grammar: Conditional and Future Tenses, Modals and Participle Clauses, Apuntes de Filología Inglesa

An overview of various english grammar concepts including conditional tenses (1st, 2nd, 3rd), future tenses (will, be going to, be, will have), modals (ability, obligation, probability, advice and deduction), and participle clauses. Learn the rules, examples, and usage of each.

Tipo: Apuntes

2018/2019

Subido el 21/03/2019

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Inglés 7
Grammar
Conditionals
1st conditional: action-reaction. Ex: If I go to the doctor, he will give me X.
2nd conditional: simple past + simple conditional = something improbable if not impossible.
Ex: If I had money I would buy a car.
3rd conditional: to regret something you can't change. Ex: If I had studied I had past.
“However” implies two sentences: stop.
“I did so”: you do something without previous notice.
If I had gone to the disco | I'd have met Mary. = Regret in the past.
If I had gone to the disco | I'd be tired now. = Action in the present. Mixed conditional, to take into
account the outcome of the action.
Future
Will: predictions, something that will happen.
Be + going to: plans, evidence.
Be + going: something happening in a short time, unexpected decisions.
Will + have: concrete moment in the future (not exact).
Will be + -ing: you know the exact moment of completing an action.
Grammatically two future forms can't be used at the same phrase.
Past tenses
Past simple:
Action finished. Ex: Yesterday I played tennis.
Description of past things.
Things you used to do but you quitted. We can also use “would”.
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Inglés 7

Grammar Conditionals

  • 1 st^ conditional: action-reaction. Ex: If I go to the doctor, he will give me X.
  • 2 nd^ conditional: simple past + simple conditional = something improbable if not impossible. Ex: If I had money I would buy a car.
  • 3 rd^ conditional: to regret something you can't change. Ex: If I had studied I had past. “However” implies two sentences: stop. “I did so”: you do something without previous notice. If I had gone to the disco | I'd have met Mary. = Regret in the past. If I had gone to the disco | I'd be tired now. = Action in the present. Mixed conditional, to take into account the outcome of the action. Future
  • Will: predictions, something that will happen.
  • Be + going to: plans, evidence.
  • Be + going: something happening in a short time, unexpected decisions.
  • Will + have: concrete moment in the future (not exact).
  • Will be + -ing: you know the exact moment of completing an action. Grammatically two future forms can't be used at the same phrase. Past tenses Past simple:
  • Action finished. Ex: Yesterday I played tennis.
  • Description of past things.
  • Things you used to do but you quitted. We can also use “would”.

Past continuous: was/were + -ing:

  • Action over a period of time and we don't know when it ended.
  • To distinguish. Past perfect: had + participle:
  • When two actions take part in the past, the longer is perfect. Past perfect continuous: had + been + -ing:
  • Action that precedes the simple past but has specific duration. Ex: The baby had been crying for three hours before the father woke up. Must + have been -ing:
  • Speculation in the past. Might/may + have been:
  • “we don't know”. Can't/couldn't have + participle:
  • Impossibility. Modals Ability: can/can't (cannot). Obligation: must/musn't (also for deduction = have to). Probability: might/may, mightn't/may not.
  • “May” is used when it is not a high probability.
  • There is no difference between “mightn't” and “may not”.
  • “Might as well” is used to offer an alternative. Advice and deduction: should/shouldn't, ought to.
  • “Should” and “shouldn't” are less strong than “must/musn't”. Necessity to do something: need/needn't, have to. Participle clauses
  • Negative adverbs: barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom... Ex: Seldom does a day go by without someone ringing up to complain about the product. Vs Everyday someone calls...
  • “Never” and “nowhere” are used in a similar way. Ex: Never had I felt more relaxed than that first week on Corsica.
  • Other negative expressions like “little, no sooner, not”. Ex: Not a single word of thanks did they hear from her.
  • Fixed expression “Had it not been for...”: to talk about the reasons for changed results. Ex: Had it not been for friends and family, she could not have handled the intrusion of the media.
  • End of sentences with “neither, nor” and “so”. Ex: Tim didn't like this and neither did Lucy; Students haven't welcomed the new syllabus and nor have teachers; Karl will be pleased to finish work and so will I.
  • Sometimes a time clause precedes inversion. Ex: Not until two days later did we remember to call them.
  • Inversion occurs with certain prepositional phrases. Ex: On no account are you to play the guitar!; Under no circumstances can a replacement card be issued; In no way does that imply defeat; At no time did you give me an accurate picture of what way going on.
  • Inversion can occur with “so” + an adjective. Ex: So loud was the music that we couldn't attempt to chat.
  • “Such” is used in a similar way to emphasize the extent of something. Ex: Such is the demand for tickets that they are selling at double their price.