¡Descarga Gramática Inglesa: Pasado Simple, Pasado Continuo, Presente Perfecto y Más y más Ejercicios en PDF de Inglés Técnico solo en Docsity!
Grammar reference
Grammar reference
Pasado simple y pasado continuo
- Se utiliza el pasado simple para hablar de acontecimientos y acciones terminadas en el pasado.
Daniel visited Italy two years ago.
Daniel visitó Italia hace dos años.
- Se utiliza el pasado continuo para hablar de acciones en curso en un momento concreto del pasado.
At eight o’clock, I was waiting for the train.
A las ocho estaba esperando el tren.
- También se utiliza el pasado continuo junto a when y while para describir la situación durante la que sucede algo.
When we arrived, Granddad was sleeping on the sofa.
Cuando llegamos, el abuelo estaba durmiendo en el sofá.
While we were getting ready to go out, it started raining.
Cuando nos estábamos preparando para salir, empezó
a llover.
Presente perfecto y pasado simple
- Se utiliza el pasado simple para hablar de acciones y experiencias que tuvieron lugar en un período de tiempo ya terminado.
In 2009, my little sister was born.
En 2009 nació mi hermana pequeña.
- Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar de experiencias y hechos del pasado que tuvieron lugar en un período de tiempo que no ha terminado.
She’s bought a lot of new clothes this year.
Este año se ha comprado mucha ropa nueva.
- También se utiliza el presente perfecto cuando el momento exacto de una acción del pasado no se menciona o no tiene importancia.
You’ve left the light on in your room.
Te has dejado la luz de la habitación encendida.
Presente perfecto con ever, never, for y since.
- A menudo se utiliza ever justo después del sujeto en preguntas en presente perfecto sobre la vida de alguien.
Has she ever helped you with your homework?
¿Te ha ayudado alguna vez con los deberes?
- A menudo se utiliza never entre have / has y el participio pasado para decir «en ningún momento».
He’s never been to New York.
Nunca ha estado en Nueva York.
- Se utiliza for y since junto con el presente perfecto para expresar la duración de un hecho. Se utiliza for para períodos de tiempo y since para momentos concretos.
She’s lived here for seven years.
Lleva viviendo aquí siete años.
He’s worked here since 2007.
Trabaja aquí desde 2007.
Starter Unit
Presente simple y presente continuo
- Se utiliza el presente simple para hablar de hechos, hábitos y rutinas.
It takes about two hours to fly from London to
Madrid.
Se tardan unas dos horas en avión de Londres
a Madrid.
We go to Cornwall on holiday every summer.
Todos los veranos vamos de vacaciones a
Cornualles.
- Se utiliza el presente continuo para acciones en curso en el momento de hablar o en un momento cercano.
He’s doing his homework right now. Can he call
you later?
Ahora mismo está haciendo los deberes.
¿Puede llamarte más tarde?
A: How’s your basketball team doing this
season?
B: Pretty well, actually – we’re winning all our
matches.
A: ¿Cómo le va a tu equipo de baloncesto esta
temporada?
B: ¡Pues muy bien! Estamos ganando todos los
partidos.
- Normalmente no se utilizan en presente continuo verbos relacionados con el pensamiento, las opiniones, los sentimientos y las emociones; por ejemplo: like , love , think , remember , believe , know , mean , imagine , want , prefer.
I really like her.
I’m really liking her.
Ella me gusta mucho.
Ella me está gustando mucho.
Do you know what you want for lunch?
Are you knowing what you want for lunch?
¿Sabes qué quieres para comer?
¿Estás sabiendo qué quieres para comer?
- El verbo de emoción enjoy es una excepción: se puede utilizar con la forma continua.
Are you enjoying the party?
¿Te estás divirtiendo en la fiesta?
- Cuando se utiliza el verbo think para hablar de una acción, se puede utilizar en la forma continua.
You look sad. What are you thinking about?
Pareces triste. ¿En qué estás pensando?
Grammar practice
Grammar practice
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Present simple and present continuous
1 Circle the correct options. 1 I don’t get / ’m not getting very good marks at school this term, but I don’t know / ’m not knowing why. 2 They go / ’re going swimming four times a week. They love / ’re loving being in water. 3 She can’t speak right now. She drives / ’s driving. 4 It rains / ’s raining a lot here in winter, but it doesn’t rain / ’s not raining today, I’m happy to say! 5 I prefer / ’m preferring coffee to tea, but, actually, I like / ’m liking hot chocolate most of all! 6 A: Rick! You don’t listen / ’re not listening to me! What do you think / are you thinking about? B: How much I enjoy / ’m enjoying this book I read / ’m reading at the moment. 7 We don’t revise / aren’t revising for our exams at the moment, we listen / ’re listening to some music. 8 He hates / is hating hot weather, so he ’s / ’s being happy that it’s snowing today.
Past simple and past continuous
2 Complete the sentences with the past simple
or past continuous form of the verbs in
brackets.
1 Mathew was playing^ (play) in the garden
when he (fi nd) a gold coin. 2 Elena (not hear) the teacher’s question because she (chat). 3 While we (fi sh) last weekend, we (catch) a large fi sh. 4 Lisa (not see) the end of the fi lm because she (talk) on her phone. 5 They (not go) out yesterday because it (rain) all day. 6 When the teacher (come) into the classroom, Joseph and Lisa fi ght. 7 My computer (crash) while I (do) my project. 8 I (try) to answer the question when my friend (shout) out the answer.
Present perfect and past simple
3 Complete the email with the present perfect
or past simple form of the verbs in brackets.
Hi Ollie,
How 1 were (be) your holidays? We
(^2) (go) to Portugal for two weeks. We 3 (cycle) along the coast, we (^4) (swim) in the sea – it was a bit cold – and we 5 (eat) lots of delicious food! Term 6 (begin) last Monday and I 7 (start) at my new school. I 8 (not be) here very long, but I love it! Everyone 9 (be) very kind to me and I 10 (make) some new friends. And I 11 (join) the football team! I 12 (not have) any homework back, but I hope they aren’t too strict! Your friend, Lucy
Present perfect with ever , never , for and since
4 Complete the mini dialogues with ever , never ,
for and since.
1 A: Have you 1 ever^ been to Australia?
B: No, but I’ve wanted to go 2 I was a child. A: Really? My aunt has lived there 3 ten years − she loves it.
2 C: Have you 4 played the violin? D: Yes, I’ve had violin lessons 5 I was ten. C: Really! I’ve 6 heard you play!
3 E: I’ve 7 tried yoga − is it diffi cult? F: Not really − I’ve done it 8 fi ve years.
4 G: Did you know he’s lived in nine different countries 9 he was born? H: Really? G: Yes. His mother works for an international company and she’s 10 in the same country for more than a year.
Grammar practice
Grammar practice
used to and would
1 Rewrite the underlined phrases using used to or
would. If both are possible, use would. If neither
is possible, write ✗.
1 We went to the cinema every afternoon when I was young.
would go
2 Did you have long hair when you were young?
3 I saw the Rolling Stones once in Hyde Park.
4 Where did you live when you were at college?
5 We didn’t have a lot of money in those days.
6 They sat in coffee shops all day when they were students.
7 She didn’t eat meat even when she was a child.
8 Did you go to the Isle of Wight Festival in 1980?
2 Complete the conversation with the correct form
of used to or would. If both are possible, use
would.
Julie: What kind of music 1 did^ you
use to like when you were younger?
Dad: Oh we 2 listen to all kinds of music. Your mother and I 3 like soul and reggae. Julie: Really? 4 you go to concerts together? Dad: Oh yes, all the time! We 5 hang out with the musicians after the concerts and we 6 get home until 3 or 4 o’clock in the morning. Julie: That sounds cool! How 7 you get home? Dad: We 8 have a car, so we 9 walk all the way home hand in hand under the stars and we (^10) sing all our favourite songs. Julie: That sounds romantic! Dad: It certainly was!
Past perfect and past simple
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple
and the past perfect in each sentence.
1 Karen went^ (go) home because she
had forgotten (forget) her ticket.
2 you (hear) of this band before we (see) them last week? 3 We (be) late for school because we (miss) the early bus. 4 Hayley (be) upset because they (not invite) her to their party. 5 I only (pass) my driving test after I (take) it three times. 6 Sam (play) with three different bands before he (become) famous. 7 How many stories you (write) before you (publish) your fi rst book? 8 We (go) to the Thai restaurant because (not try) Thai food before. 9 they (climb) any mountains before they (go) to Kilimanjaro? 10 How long she (live) in Japan before she (meet) her boyfriend?
4 Complete the paragraph with the past simple
or the past perfect form of the verbs in
brackets.
Have you seen this photo? It’s my aunt at Glastonbury 1992. It was the fi rst time she
1 went (go) to a music festival. She
(^2) (never/go) to Glastonbury before but she 3 (always/want) to go and all her friends 4 (have) a crazy time there the year before. Anyway, when she 5 (get) there, the whole place 6 (be) packed. She (^7) (never/see) so many tents before. Then she realised she 8 (not bring) her tent! Luckily, her friends 9 (arrive) the day before and they 10 (set) up a large tent and she 11 (stay) there with them. They 12 (dance) to music all night long. It’s strange − I can’t imagine her at a festival, she’s so serious nowadays!
Grammar reference
Presente perfecto simple
- Se puede utilizar el presente perfecto simple para indicar cuántas veces hemos hecho o cuánto hemos completado una acción.
You’ve looked at those jeans twice. Why don’t you buy them?
Ya te has mirado esos pantalones dos veces. ¿Por qué no te
los compras?
Ashley’s read all the books in the series.
Ashley se ha leído todos los libros de la serie.
- A menudo se utilizan expresiones temporales como since , recently , this week/month , in the last year , so far , up to now , yet y today.
I haven’t watched TV much recently.
Últimamente no he mirado mucho la televisión.
We’ve been on six trips with the school in the last year.
Este año hemos ido seis veces de excursión con el colegio.
- Se utiliza el presente perfecto simple para centrarse en el resultado actual de una acción.
I’ve passed all my exams! ¡He aprobado todos los exámenes!
Have you finished your homework? ¿Has terminado los deberes?
Presente perfecto continuo
afirmativa I / We / You / They have been having He / She / It has lessons for ages.
negativa I / We / You / They haven’t been sleeping He / She / It hasn’t very well.
interrogativa
Have I / we / you / they (^) been having Has he / she / it lessons?
respuestas cortas
Yes, I / we / you / they have. Yes, he / she / it has.
No, I / we /you / they haven’t. No, he / she / it hasn’t.
- Se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo para hablar de acciones que empezaron en el pasado, siguen en curso y se espera que continúen.
I’ve been working hard all week.
Llevo trabajando duro toda la semana.
She’s been blogging since last summer.
Escribe un blog desde el verano pasado.
- Se suele utilizar el presente perfecto continuo para expresar cuánto tiempo se lleva haciendo algo.
I’ve been going to piano lessons for nine years.
Llevo nueve años yendo a clases de piano.
- Se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo para centrarse en la acción en curso en vez del resultado.
We’ve been cooking for the party all morning!
¡Nos hemos pasado toda la mañana cocinando para la fiesta!
- No se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo con verbos de estado, como like , have y know.
Emily’s liked him since she met him.
Emily’s been liking him since she met him.
A Emily le gusta desde que lo conoció.
Unit 2
Pronombres refl exivos y each
other
I myself you yourself he himself she herself
it itself we ourselves you yourselves they themselves
- Se utilizan los pronombres reflexivos cuando el sujeto y el objeto de un verbo coinciden.
I sing to myself when I’m alone.
I sing to me when I’m alone.
Cuando estoy solo, canto.
She bought herself a stripy shirt.
She bought her a stripy shirt.
Se compró una blusa rayada.
- Los pronombres reflexivos también se usan para enfatizar el hecho de que alguien hizo algo solo, sin ayuda.
He didn’t buy the cake – he made it
himself. He’s good at baking.
No compró el pastel: lo hizo él mismo.
Se le da bien la pastelería.
- Al utilizar algunos verbos con pronombres reflexivos cambia su significado.
Help yourself to sandwiches! (Take what
you want or need.)
Sírvete tú mismo los bocadillos. (Coge
los que quieras o necesites.)
He found himself in a difficult situation.
(He didn’t intend to be in a difficult
situation, but he was.)
Se vio en una situación complicada.
(No pretendía estar en una situación
complicada, pero lo estaba.)
- Se utiliza each other cuando dos sujetos (o más) hacen la acción del verbo uno al otro.
Jack and Ellie sent each other Valentine’s
cards. (Jack sent Ellie a Valentine’s card,
and Ellie sent Jack a Valentine’s card.)
Jack y Ellie se enviaron tarjetas de San
Valentín. (Jack le envió a Ellie una tarjeta
y Ellie le envió a Jack una tarjeta.)
You can see the twins really love each
other. They are always together.
Se ve que los gemelos se quieren mucho.
Siempre están juntos.
Grammar reference
Grammar reference
Grammar reference
- Se hacen predicciones con will/won’t cuando existe la certeza sobre una acción o acontecimiento futuros. A veces se utilizan con expresiones como I think (creo), I’m sure (estoy seguro) y I expect (espero).
I don’t think I’ll win, but I expect I’ll finish in the top ten.
No creo que gane, pero espero terminar entre los diez
primeros.
He won’t be here at 8. He’s always late.
A las 8 no habrá llegado. Siempre llega tarde.
- Se utiliza may o might (not) para mostrar que no estamos muy seguros acerca de un acontecimiento futuro, pero creemos que es probable.
I might not go to university – I may get a job with
my dad.
Quizás no vaya a la universidad. Puede que trabaje con
mi padre.
When he gets here, he may want to speak with you.
Cuando llegue, puede que quiera hablar contigo.
Futuro continuo
afirmativa/negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They will be celebrating this time next week. I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They won’t be celebrating this time next week. interrogativa
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they
be celebrating this time next week? respuestas cortas
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they will.
No, I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they won’t.
- Se utiliza el futuro continuo para hablar de acciones que creemos que estarán en curso.
In five years, I’ll be living in London and working as an
engineer.
Dentro de cinco años, estaré viviendo en Londres y
trabajando de ingeniera.
- También se puede utilizar el futuro continuo para hablar de planes de futuro y hacer predicciones.
I’ll be leaving at 3 pm. I’m picking my little brother up
from school, so I can’t be late.
Saldré a las 3. Voy a recoger a mi hermano pequeño al
colegio, así que no puedo llegar tarde.
- Se utiliza may/might en lugar de will cuando no estamos muy seguros acerca de una acción futura, pero creemos que es posible.
Don’t call after ten o’clock – we may be watching a film.
No llames después de las diez; tal vez estaremos
viendo una película.
Unit 3
be going to y formas de presente para
expresar futuro
afirmativa negativa I’m
going to learn Chinese.
I’m not
going to study at university.
He’s She’s It’s
He isn’t She isn’t It isn’t We’re You’re They’re
We aren’t You aren’t They aren’t interrogativa Am I Is he / she / it going to leave the city? Are we / you / they
- Se utiliza be going to para hablar de planes de futuro y de intenciones.
I’m going to go out this weekend.
Este fin de semana voy a salir de fiesta.
My brother’s going to do a photography course next
month.
El mes que viene mi hermano hará un curso de
fotografía.
- Se utiliza el presente continuo para hablar de planes de futuro con una fecha o momento concretos.
My cousin and his girlfriend are getting married in July.
Mi primo y su novia se casarán en julio.
What are you doing this weekend?
¿Qué harás este fin de semana?
She isn’t coming to the party.
No va a venir a la fiesta.
- Se puede utilizar el presente simple para hablar de programas y calendarios en el futuro.
On Mondays and Wednesdays, we have Maths with Mr
Johnson.
Los lunes y miércoles tenemos matemáticas con el
profesor Johnson.
The train leaves at 7 o’clock on Saturday morning.
El tren sale el sábado a las 7 en punto de la mañana.
Predicciones con be going to , will y may/
might
- Se utiliza going to para hacer predicciones basadas en pruebas o hechos reales.
Quick! We’re going to miss the train!
¡Rápido, que vamos a perder el tren!
I saw the weather forecast this morning. It’s going to
rain this weekend.
Esta mañana he visto la previsión del tiempo. Este fi n
de semana va a llover.
Grammar practice
Grammar practice
be going to and present tenses for the future
1 Match the sentences (1−8) with the correct
descriptions (A−C).
1 Martina is going to study medicine. 2 The summer holidays start next week! 3 We’re going to play tennis every day. 4 I’m staying with my friend Gina this summer. 5 My art class fi nishes in September. 6 We’re graduating in June. 7 I leave for Tokyo tomorrow morning. 8 They’re going to have a party on Saturday.
A future intention^1
B future arrangement C scheduled future event
2 Circle the correct options.
This summer I 1 ’m going / ’ll go on a tour of China with my family. We 2 ’re visiting / visit some friends of my parents who live in Beijing. First, we 3 ’re staying / ’re going to stay with them for fi ve days and after that we 4 ’re taking / take a bus tour to some ancient historic sites. Our fl ight 5 leaves / will leave next Tuesday at 6 am (horribly early!) and it 6 arrives / is arriving at 6 am the next day. I 7 ’m going to learn / learn some Chinese phrases before I go, and when I get back, I 8 ’m going to apply / ’m applying for a Chinese language course − everyone says it’s the language of the future, not English! The course 9 starts / ’s starting in September and it 10 takes / is taking one year. I’m really looking forward to learning about a new culture!
Predictions with be going to , will and may/might
3 Complete the predictions with the correct form
of the verbs in the boxes.
need be give become break lend pass miss
might / be going to
‘I haven’t brought a coat.’ ‘It’s OK. It
1 isn’t going to be cold. They said so on
the radio.’ ‘Is it cold outside?’ ‘Yes, I think you (^2) a coat later on.’
might / will
‘I’m nervous about the exam.’ ‘Don’t worry – I’m sure you 3 .’ ‘Can I carry those glasses for you?’ ‘Yes, but be careful – you 4 them.’
be going to / might
‘Oh no! It’s already too late – we (^5) the train!’ ‘Do you think Daniel 6 us a lift in his car?’ ‘I’m not sure. I’ll ask him.’
may / will
‘I need to borrow some brown shoes.’ ‘Brooke has some. She 7 you hers.’ ‘Do you feel confi dent about the future?’ ‘Yes, totally. I 8 a millionaire before I’m 21!’
Future continuous
4 Write future continuous questions about the
year 2030 with the prompts.
1 people / live / until they’re 150?
Will people be living until they’re 150?
2 How / we / spend / our free time?
3 Where / people / go / on holiday?
4 What fashions / we / wear?
5 children / go / to school?
5 Write answers to the questions in Exercise 4
using the future continuous.
1 Yes / They / live / until they’re 150
Yes, they will. They’ll be living until they’re 150.
2 People / not read / books anymore
3 Spaceships / take / people to Mars on holiday
4 We / design / our own clothes on computers
5 No / Children / do / all their classes online
Grammar practice
First conditional with if , unless , when and may / might
1 Circle the correct options. 1 The soup will burn when / unless you stir / don’t stir it all the time. 2 We might buy / buy some food on the way home if we have / ’ll have time. 3 The sauce will get thicker unless / when you add / ’ll add the fl our. 4 Unless / If I study at the weekend I won’t pass / pass the exams. 5 I ’ll make / make tea and coffee when the guests arrive / will arrive. 6 If we eat / ’ll eat out tonight, I won’t / don’t have to cook dinner! 7 Mum may / make / makes a chocolate cake for you unless / if you ask her nicely. 8 If you ’ll hurry / hurry up, we might get / get to the fi sh and chip shop before it closes.
2 Complete the conversations with the missing
words. Circle the correct options.
Joey: If I 1 butter to this recipe, do you think it (^2) better? Mum: OK, but it won’t cook 3 you 4 up the heat. 1 a add b am adding c will add 2 a tastes b is tasting c will taste 3 a when b if c unless 4 a will turn b are turning c turn
Chris: Where do you want to sit? If we 1 a table by the window, we 2 a great view. Martina: Yes, but it 3 not be so noisy if we 4 here in the corner. 1 a get b gets c ’ll get 2 a have b ’ll have c ’re having 3 a might b won’t c is 4 a ’re sitting b ’ll sit c sit
A
B
Second conditional with would , could and might
3 Write second conditional sentences with the
prompts.
1 If / Suzanna / have / enough money / go / to expensive restaurants
If Suzanna had enough money, she’d go to
expensive restaurants .
2 Martin / could go / cycling in the park / not have / so much homework Martin . 3 If / we / not be / so busy / might go / to the beach this weekend If . 4 Sam and Christy / only / ask / for help / if / they / really need / it Sam and Christy . 5 If / someone / give / me / a free ticket to any country / I / go / to Australia If .
4 Write questions for these answers.
1 What would you do if you didn’t need to study
this weekend ?
If I didn’t need to study this weekend, I might go shopping, or I might watch a movie. 2 How ? If we shared a bedroom, we’d argue every day. 3 What ? If I could have any superpower, I’d like to be able to fl y. 4 Where ? If I could fl y, I’d go to the moon. 5 Who ? If I could meet any fi lm star, I’d choose Johnny Depp.
Grammar practice
Grammar reference
Obligación / No obligación
- Se utiliza must y have to para indicar que hace falta hacer algo.
Visitors must complete the form and then give it
to the receptionist.
Los visitantes deben rellenar el formulario y dárselo al
recepcionista.
We have to fill in this form and then send it to the office.
Debemos rellenar este formulario y mandarlo a la oficina.
- A menudo se utiliza must cuando el hablante indica una obligación porque la considera importante.
You must do your homework before you go to your
friend’s house.
Debes hacer los deberes antes de ir a casa de tu amigo.
I must get my mum a present for her birthday. I forgot
last year!
Tengo que comprarle un regalo de aniversario a mi
mamá. ¡El año pasado me olvidé!
- A menudo se utiliza have to cuando se habla de leyes o normas.
You have to get good exam results to get a place in
this university.
Para entrar en esta universidad hay que sacar buenas
notas.
She’s angry because she has to take her earrings off in
school.
Está enfadada porque en la escuela la obligan a
quitarse los pendientes.
- Must va seguido de un infinitivo sin to.
- Have to va seguido de un infinitivo.
- Se utiliza don’t have to para indicar que algo no es necesario, pero que se puede hacer si se quiere.
You can bring some food to the party if you want, but
you don’t have to.
Puedes traer algo de comida a la fiesta si te apetece,
pero no tienes por qué.
- Se utiliza had to para indicar que fue necesario hacer algo en el pasado.
I had to leave the party early as I wasn’t feeling well.
Tuve que irme de la fiesta antes porque no me
encontraba bien.
Prohibición
- Se utiliza can’t y mustn’t para indicar que algo está prohibido por ley o normativa.
I can’t take my new phone to school – It’s the rule.
No puedo llevar mi teléfono nuevo al colegio. Son las
normas.
We mustn’t use our calculators in the Maths exam.
En el examen de matemáticas no podemos utilizar la
calculadora.
Unit 5
Posibilidad y probabilidad
- A menudo se utilizan can , can’t , could , may , might y must + infinitivo sin to para expresar el grado de posibilidad o probabilidad que creemos que puede tener una acción o acontecimiento.
It can’t be her! She never wears trainers to a party!
¡No puede ser ella, nunca va con zapatillas
deportivas a las fiestas!
He’s late. He might be stuck in a traffic jam.
Llega tarde. Puede que esté en medio de un atasco.
You must be tired after all that exercise today.
Debes de estar cansada después de todo el día
haciendo ejercicio.
- Se utiliza can para hacer afirmaciones generales sobre posibilidades.
They say that drinking too much coffee can give you
high blood pressure.
Dicen que beber demasiado café puede producir
hipertensión.
Try drinking more water: it can help you feel more
awake!
Prueba a beber más agua: te puede ayudar a estar
más despierto.
- Se utiliza can’t cuando creemos que algo es imposible.
That can’t be Julie over there. She’s on holiday in
China!
Esa no puede ser Julie. Está de vacaciones en China.
Surely you can’t want to buy that bag? It’s so ugly!
No puede ser que quieras comprarte ese bolso
tan feo.
- Se utiliza could , may y might para indicar que creemos que algo es posible.
You could have a virus – that’s why you’re feeling ill.
A lo mejor tienes un virus y por eso te sientes mal.
A: Who’s that woman? A: ¿Quién es esa mujer?
B: I don’t know. She may be his wife. B: No lo sé.
Quizás es su esposa.
It may be cold outside so I’ll take a coat.
Cogeré una chaqueta por si hace frío afuera.
- Se utiliza must si creemos que algo es muy probable.
She’s not answering her phone. She must be sleep.
No responde al teléfono. Debe de estar durmiendo.
- Se utiliza can’t , y no mustn’t si algo no puede ser verdad.
She can’t be at home. I saw her leaving half an hour
ago. She mustn’t be at home.
No puede estar en casa. La vi salir hace media hora.
Grammar reference
Grammar reference
- Para hacer preguntas en presente y pasado, se utiliza la forma apropiada de be + sujeto + participio pasado y se ponen las partículas interrogativas antes del verbo be.
Was the light bulb really invented by Edison?
¿Fue realmente Edison quien inventó la bombilla?
Where is the most coffee drunk in the world?
¿Dónde se bebe más café en el mundo?
- Para hacer preguntas con will , se utiliza will + sujeto + be + participio pasado.
When will the next chess club meeting be held?
¿Cuándo se celebrará el próximo encuentro del club de
ajedrez?
Pronombres relativos
- Se utilizan oraciones de relativo para establecer la persona, el lugar o la cosa de la que estamos hablando.
My aunt has a friend who makes lovely candles.
Mi tía tiene una amiga que fabrica unas velas preciosas.
This is the song that I told you about.
Ésta es la canción de la que te hablé.
- Los pronombres relativos se ponen al principio de las oraciones de relativo y no se repite el pronombre de sujeto cuando el sujeto del pronombre y el de la oración siguiente son el mismo.
We know a lot of people who live in the village.
We know a lot of people who they live in the village.
Conocemos a mucha gente que vive en el pueblo.
- Se utiliza who o that para hablar de personas.
The man who/that lives next door to us spends every
day in the garden.
El hombre que vive en la casa de al lado se pasa el día en
el jardín.
- Se utiliza that o which para hablar de cosas.
She wants to buy some boots which/that she can wear
with jeans or a skirt.
Quiere comprarse unas botas que pueda llevar con
tejanos o una falda.
- Se utiliza where para hablar de lugares.
You could try the restaurant where we had my birthday
dinner. It was lovely!
Podríais probar el restaurante donde celebré mi
cumpleaños. Era encantador.
- Se utiliza whose para hablar de posesiones.
Do you remember the name of the guy whose phone
charger I borrowed last week?
¿Recuerdas cómo se llamaba el chico que me dejó el
cargador del móvil la semana pasada?
Unit 6
La voz pasiva: presente simple, pasado
simple y will
presente simple Spanish Tigers
is aren’t
spoken in many countries. found in Africa. pasado simple Writing Planes
was weren’t
invented in Asia. used until the 1900s. will The prize The exams
will be won’t be
awarded next week. marked until the weekend. interrogativas Will sujeto be participio pasado Will your project be fi nished by Friday?
- Se utiliza la voz pasiva cuando no se sabe o no tiene interés saber quién lleva a cabo la acción.
- Se utiliza el presente simple pasivo para hablar de hechos del presente.
English is spoken in most restaurant, hotels and
tourist offices.
En la mayoría de restaurantes, hoteles y oficinas
de turismo se habla inglés.
- Se utiliza el pasado simple pasivo para hablar de hechos del pasado.
The first video game console was made in 1972.
La primera videoconsola se fabricó en 1972.
- Se utiliza will con la forma pasiva para hablar de hechos y acciones que creemos que pasarán en el futuro.
Exam results will be emailed to students next
week.
Los resultados de los exámenes se enviarán a los
alumnos por correo electrónico la semana que viene.
Extra-terrestrial life will be discovered soon. I’m
sure of it!
Pronto se descubrirá vida extraterrestre, estoy
seguro.
- Se utiliza by con el pasivo para indicar quién es el responsable de la acción.
The book was written by an expert in waste and
recycling.
El libro lo escribió un experto en residuos y
reciclaje.
Competition entries will be judged by teachers in
the English department.
Las inscripciones al concurso serán evaluadas
por profesores del departamento de inglés.
Grammar reference
Grammar practice
Relative pronouns and clauses
3 Circle the correct options. Computer scientists 1 which / who have invented a new type of robot have just won a prize for technological innovation. They’ve invented a robot (^2) that / where can walk and run just like a human. People 3 where / whose jobs involve working in places 4 where / which are dangerous for humans will find many uses for this type of robot. The robots can also work in homes 5 where / which the disabled or the elderly need many types of routine care. Many tasks 6 which / whose elderly people fi nd diffi cult could eventually be done by robots. Other places 7 which / where robots may become common include supermarkets, hospitals and schools. But some people are afraid that in the future robots (^8) that / whose intelligence is superior to humans may take over the planet.
4 Complete the text using the relative clauses
below.
An amazing invention 1 a at the Google Science Fair
recently was a communication device called TALK. It was invented by a 16-year-old boy from India 2. His invention is a device 3 into letters. It is much cheaper than other systems 4 − some of them can cost over $5,000. People 5 need to wear a special sensor. The sensor is placed 6 variations in the person’s breath, generally under the nose. People (^7) make it difficult for them to speak can use this device to communicate. Arsh has a website 8 about his invention and his plans for research. a that won an award b where it can detect c where you can read d which changes human breath e which are currently available f whose name is Arsh Dilbagi g who use the device h whose medical conditions
The passive: present simple,
past simple and will
1 Complete the sentences with the correct
active or passive form of the verbs in
brackets.
1 The fi rst email was sent^ (send)
by Ray Tomlinson in 1971. 2 In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee (develop) the World Wide Web. 3 Today, emails (send) by millions of people all over the world. 4 The fi rst radio waves (transmit) by Marconi in 1895. 5 radio waves (use) to communicate with other planets in the future? 6 Louis Daguerre (take) the fi rst photograph in 1839. 7 Photographs are still popular, but fi lm (not use) anymore. 8 Penicillin (discover) by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
2 Rewrite the text using the passive. Add by if
necessary.
(^1) The Chinese invented paper money in the 9 th^ century AD. 2 Merchants signed certifi cates promising to pay a certain amount of money. (^3) European countries did not introduce paper money until more than 500 years later. 4 Today, people use bank notes all over the world. 5 People also make many payments using digital systems. 6 In the future, digital money will replace physical money. 7 People won’t use coins or notes anymore. 8 You’ll only fi nd them in museums and in history books.
1 Paper money was invented by the Chinese in the
9th century AD.
Grammar practice
Grammar practice
-ing forms
1 Complete the text with the -ing form of the
verbs in the box.
chat dance dress stand try go look help worry make
I love 1 going^ to parties. I like 2
up and I enjoy 3 to music, but I hate (^4) with people that I don’t know. (^5) new friends is really hard! My mum says I need to practise 6 to be more confident. What can I do?
My sister’s having her engagement party this weekend. I don’t mind 7 to plan the party, but she wants me to make a speech! I can’t imagine myself 8 up in front of all those people! I’m terrified of 9 stupid! 10 about it is keeping me awake at night. What should I do?
Infi nitives
2 Write sentences with the prompts. Use
the past simple of the verbs provided and
infi nitives where necessary.
1 My sister / offer / lend / me / her new handbag
My sister offered to lend me her new handbag.
2 Simon / invite / me / dance / with him
3 We / be / amazed / get / free concert tickets
4 We / agree / watch / the fireworks / tonight
5 My friend / ask / us / go / to a party
6 It / be / difficult / talk / because of the noise
7 We / be / ready / leave / ten minutes ago
8 Which dress / you / decide / wear?
Infi nitives vs. -ing forms
3 Circle the infi nitives and -ing forms in these
sentences and look at the words before them.
Then match them to the rules.
1 I was amazed to see so many people at the play. 2 They suggested decorating the room with fl owers. 3 Sally’s parents offered to take us to the prom. 4 I imagine people listening to my music on stage. 5 Playing computer games is a total waste of time! 6 He taught her to play the guitar. 7 I’m excited about playing in the school concert. a We use the -ing form as a noun, and to make noun phrases. b We use the -ing form after certain verbs and expressions. c Some verbs can have an object before the -ing form. d We use the -ing form after prepositions. e We usually use the infi nitive with to after
adjectives. 1
f We use the infi nitive with to after certain verbs. g Some verbs need an object before the infi nitive with to.
4 Circle the correct options.
Debbi: I want 1 to celebrate / celebrating the end of our course − let’s have a costume party! Dave: Are you joking? I can’t stand 2 to dress / dressing up. Debbi: Well I think people will enjoy 3 to design / designing their own costumes. Dave: I suppose so … but I’m hopeless at (^4) to plan / planning parties. Debbi: Don’t worry. I’m brilliant at 5 to organise / organising things! Dave: OK, so what can I do? Debbi: I’d like you 6 to get / getting hold of some lights and something to play music. Dave: OK. That’s easy 7 to do / doing. How many people do you plan 8 to invite / inviting? Debbi: Everyone in our class! Dave: That’s thirty people − I recommend (^9) to ask / asking your neighbours if they mind us 10 to have / having a party − it could get very noisy!
Grammar practice
Grammar reference
Unit 8
El tercer condicional
situación imaginaria del pasado
consecuencia imaginaria del pasado ( if + pasado perfecto) ( would have + infinitivo) If I had seen your email, I would have called you. If I hadn’t seen your email, I wouldn’t have called you. consecuencia imaginaria del pasado
situación imaginaria del pasado ( would have + infinitivo) ( if + pasado perfecto) I would have called you if I had seen your email. I wouldn’t have called you if I hadn’t seen your email.
- Se utiliza el tercer condicional para hablar de situaciones imaginarias en el pasado y de las consecuencias imaginarias en el pasado.
If you hadn’t read the book, the ending of the
film would have been a surprise.
Si no te hubieses leído el libro te habría
sorprendido el final de la película.
They’d have found the exam easy if they’d done
more revision.
Si hubiesen repasado más habrían encontrado
fácil el examen.
- Se utiliza if + pasado perfecto (afirmativo o negativo) para describir la situación imaginaria del pasado.
If I hadn’t missed the penalty, we would have
won the match.
Si no hubiera fallado el penalti, habríamos
ganado el partido.
- Se utiliza would (not) + have + participio pasado cuando estamos seguros de la consecuencia imaginaria del pasado.
We would have seen my brother’s new car if he’d
been at home.
Si mi hermano hubiese estado en casa,
habríamos visto su coche nuevo.
If she’d won the prize, she wouldn’t have been
disappointed.
Si hubiese ganado el premio no se habría
decepcionado.
- A menudo se utiliza el tercer condicional para hablar de cosas de las que nos arrepentimos.
If I hadn’t posted the photo on Facebook, my
parents wouldn’t have found out.
Si no hubiera colgado la foto en Facebook, mis
padres no lo habrían descubierto.
- Para hacer preguntas con el tercer condicional, se utiliza if
- pasado perfecto, (partícula interrogativa) + would (not) + sujeto + have + participio pasado.
If you’d known the battery was so bad, would you have
bought the same mobile?
Si hubieras sabido que la batería era tan mala, ¿te
habrías comprado el mismo móvil?
How long would they have waited for me if I’d been late?
¿Cuánto tiempo me habrían esperado si hubiera llegado
tarde?
Must have, can’t have, might/may/could have
sujeto verbo modal have participio pasado I / You / He / She / It / We / They
must can’t might may could
have enjoyed it.
- A menudo se utiliza must have , can’t have , might/may/ could have + participio pasado para explicar por qué pasó algo o para sugerir qué creemos que pasó.
My parents can’t have forgotten my birthday, so they
must have planned a surprise.
Mis padres no pueden haberse olvidado de mi aniversario,
así que deben de haber preparado una sorpresa.
He may have asked William, or he might have asked Evan.
He can’t remember!
Puede que se lo pidiera a William o quizás a Evan. ¡No se
acuerda!
- Se utiliza must have cuando creemos que nuestra explicación es la única correcta.
She isn’t answering my texts. She must have gone to bed.
No responde a mis mensajes. Debe haberse ido a la cama.
- Se utiliza can’t have para rechazar explicaciones sobre por qué ha pasado algo.
It can’t have been Emma that told him. She doesn’t know.
No pudo ser Emma quien se lo dijo. No lo sabe.
- Se utiliza might/may/could have cuando creemos que nuestra explicación puede ser correcta, pero no la única posible.
I might have left it on the bus. I don’t remember putting it
back in my bag.
Es posible que me lo dejara en el bus. No recuerdo haberlo
metido de nuevo en la mochila.
They may have gone to the pool. It’s very hot today.
Quizás han ido a la piscina. Hoy hace mucho calor.
- Se forman preguntas de respuesta Sí o No con could + sujeto + have + participio pasado.
Could aliens have visited our planet without us knowing?
¿Es posible que los extraterrestres hayan visitado
nuestro planeta sin que lo sepamos?
- Normalmente no se utilizan might y may en las preguntas de respuesta Sí o No.
May Isabel have known the answer?
Grammar reference
Grammar reference
Unit 9
Discurso indirecto
- Cuando se citan las palabras de alguien, a menudo debemos cambiar las formas verbales.
discurso directo discurso indirecto Presente simple ‘I want a new bike.’ ‘I’m very tired.’
Pasado simple She said (that) she wanted a new bike. She said (that) she was very tired. Pasado simple ‘They spent the night in a police cell.’
Pasado perfecto You told me (that) they had spent the night in a police cell. Presente perfecto ‘They’ve never told anyone.’
Pasado perfecto He said (that) they had never told anyone. will ‘They’ll give us a book to read.’
would He told us (that) they would give us a book to read. can ‘I can help him.’
could She said (that) she could help him.
- A menudo también debemos cambiar otras palabras, como pronombres y referencias temporales.
“I’ll show you the false passports tomorrow.”
He said he’d show me the false passports the next day.
«Mañana te mostraré los pasaportes falsos.»
Dijo que al día siguiente me mostraría los
pasaportes falsos.
- No hace falta cambiar las formas verbales si la situación sigue siendo válida en el momento de la cita o si es imaginaria.
“If I committed a crime, I wouldn’t talk about it online.”
He said that if he committed a crime, he wouldn’t talk
about it online.
«Si cometiera un crimen no hablaría de ello en Internet.»
Dijo que si cometiera un crimen no hablaría de ello en
Internet.
Citas de preguntas
- Cuando se citan preguntas, normalmente se hacen los mismos cambios en las formas verbales, los pronombres y las referencias temporales que en el discurso indirecto.
- Cuando se citan preguntas con una partícula interrogativa no se añade verbo auxiliar y el orden de las palabras es el mismo que en las frases afirmativas.
Connor asked when the school trip was.
Connor asked when was the school trip.
Connor preguntó cuándo era la excursión con el colegio.
- Cuando se citan preguntas con respuesta Sí o No , se utiliza if.
“Did you tell the truth?”
They asked him if he’d told the truth.
«¿Dijiste la verdad?»
Le preguntaron si había dicho la verdad.
- Cuando se citan preguntas no se utiliza interrogante.
“Where did you go after school?”
My parents asked me where I’d been after school.
«¿Dónde fuiste después del colegio?»
Mis padres me preguntaron dónde había ido
después del colegio.
Preguntas indirectas
pregunta directa pregunta indirecta
Where is the bank?
Can/Could you tell me (^) where the bank Can/Could I ask you is? I was wondering where the bank is. pregunta directa con respuesta sí o no
pregunta indirecta
Do you know this man?
Can/Could you tell me if you know this man? Can/Could I ask you if I was wondering if you know this man.
- Las preguntas indirectas suenan más educadas que las directas. En la primera parte de las preguntas indirectas se utilizan frases determinadas como Can/ Could you tell me…? , Do you know…? y I was wondering….
Could you tell me what your brother’s name is?
¿Podrías decirme como se llama tu hermano?
Do you know how long he waited before he left?
¿Sabes cuánto tiempo esperó antes de irse?
- Cuando se forman preguntas indirectas con partícula interrogativa no se añade verbo auxiliar y el orden de las palabras es el mismo que en las frases afirmativas.
I was wondering where the kidnappers hid.
I was wondering where did the kidnappers hide.
Me preguntaba dónde se habían escondido los
secuestradores.
- Para formar preguntas indirectas con respuesta Sí o No se utiliza if.
Can I ask you if you think she was brave?
¿Te puedo preguntar si crees que fue valiente?
I was wondering if this is Old Street.
Me pregunto si esto es Old Street.
Grammar reference
Grammar practice
Reported statements
1 Complete the police offi cer’s report.
The police received a mysterious phone message: ‘Hello. My name is Mike. I live on Greenwood Road. I saw some strange men going into the house next door. They looked very suspicious. I haven’t seen them here before. I don’t want to cause any trouble, but I think they might be spies. I can’t remember anything else. I’ll call you if I see them again.’
The police offi cer reported the message to the chief inspector: ‘Good morning, chief. This morning we received a message from a man. He told us that his
name 1 was^ Mike and that he
(^2) on Greenwood Road. He said he (^3) some strange men going into the house next door. He said they 4 very suspicious and that he 5 them there before. He told us that he 6 to cause any trouble, but he 7 they might be spies. He said that he 8 anything else but he 9 us if he (^10) them again.’
2 Complete the reported statements. Remember
to change pronouns and time references.
1 Martin: ‘Shelley was here yesterday.’
Martin said that Shelley had been there the day
before .
2 Jake: ‘I saw this fi lm a week ago.’ Jake told me . 3 Vicky: ‘I’m not sure what time I’ll fi nish work this evening.’ Vicky told me . 4 Sam: ‘We haven’t seen the fi lm yet, but the reviews were very good.’ Sam told me that they . 5 Jasmin: ‘Keira will call you tomorrow.’ Jasmin said that Keira . 6 Ellen: ‘Maria can’t come to the concert.’ Ellen said that Maria .
Reported questions
3 Read the police interview. Then complete the
text with reported questions.
Officer: Can you answer some questions, please? Emma: Yes, of course. What is it about? Officer: Where were you this morning at 10 am? Emma: I was at home all day. Officer: Did you hear any unusual noises? Emma: No, I didn’t. What’s happened? Officer: It’s just routine. Emma: Has there been a crime? Officer: We’re investigating a robbery. Emma: Where did it take place? Officer: It was next door to you. Have you spoken to any neighbours today? Emma: No, I haven’t. Officer: Please will you get in touch if you hear any information?
The offi cer asked me
1 if I could answer some questions . She
asked me 2. I said I’d been at home all day. She asked me (^3). I said no. Then I asked her 4. She said it was routine. I asked her (^5) and she said they were investigating a robbery. I asked her (^6). And she said it had been next door to my house! She asked me (^7). And then she asked me 8.
Indirect questions
4 Rewrite the direct questions as indirect
questions.
1 Where do you live?
Could you tell us where you live?
2 What is your address? Could I ask 3 What did you see? Could you tell me 4 Who called the police? Do you know 5 Did you see the car number plate? I was wondering 6 Did you notice their appearance? Can I ask
Grammar practice
