ingles intermediate english 4 resolved, Resúmenes de Idioma Inglés

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Paul Dummett

John Hughes

Helen Stephenson

Bring the world to your classroom and your classroom to Life! National Geographic Learning brings the world to your classroom with Life , a six-level integrated-skills series that develops fluency in American English. Through an exploration of real world content from National Geographic through stunning images, text, and video, learners will strengthen their existing global connections while learning English. To encourage a generation of informed decision makers, Life prepares learners to think critically while teaching the English skills needed to communicate effectively through: ● (^) Information-rich topics that naturally promote curiosity and challenge learners to understand the themes in English on a deeper level. ● (^) Developing the 21st century skills needed in a technology-rich environment, like questioning an author’s intention and using visual literacy skills to infer meaning. ● (^) Explicit “Critical Thinking” sections that take language learners from understanding, to evaluating, and finally to creating their own texts in English. ● (^) New, user-friendly technology supports every step of the teaching and learning process from in-class instruction, to independent practice, to assessment! Jim Richardson / National Geographic Creative

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – 17 16 15 14 Life Level 4 Student Book Paul Dummett John Hughes Helen Stephenson Publisher: Sherrise Roehr Executive Editor: Sarah T. Kenney Associate Development Editor: Nathan A. Gamache Editorial Assistant: Patricia Giunta Director of Global Marketing: Ian Martin Senior Product Marketing Manager: Caitlin Thomas Director of Content and Media Production: Michael Burggren Production Manager: Daisy Sosa Senior Print Buyer: Mary Beth Hennebury Cover Designers: Scott Baker and Alex Dull Cover Image: Jim Richardson / National Geographic Creative Compositor: MPS Limited Student Book ISBN-13: 978-1-305-54816- National Geographic Learning/Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate our local office at international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. Visit National Geographic Learning online at NGL.cengage.com Visit our corporate website at www.cengage.com For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be emailed to [email protected]. © 2015 National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, or applicable copyright law of another jurisdiction, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Cover Image Gondolas docked by the Piazza San Marcos in Venice, Italy. Photograph by Jim Richardson.

UNIT 10 NO LIMITS UNIT 11 CONNECTIONS UNIT 12 EXPERTS UNIT 4 OPPORTUNITIES UNIT 5 TRAVEL UNIT 6 WELLBEING UNIT 1 COLOR UNIT 3 WATER UNIT 1 COLOR UNIT 7 LIVING SPACE UNIT 8 WEIRD NEWS UNIT 9 TRADE UNIT 2 PERFORMANCE 3

LISTENING READING CRITICAL THINKING SPEAKING WRITING two people doing a quiz about colors and their meaning an article about how we use color an article about the color red conclusions routines and leisure activities personal questions the roles we play text type: a website profile writing skill: criteria for writing a radio show about world fusion music an article about why we dance an article about globalization sources new releases performing changes text type: a profile writing skill: linking ideas (1) two people talking about what happened next an interview about underwater discoveries an article about an unforgettable experience reading between the lines the first time puzzles it happened to me text type: a blog post writing skill: interesting language three young women talking about their future an article about India’s new superhighway an article about the economic boom in China arguments predictions planning your work pay and conditions text type: a cover letter writing skill: formal style part of a radio show about a wildlife conservationist three conversations about vacation activities a profile of a wildlife conservationist an article about vacation destinations an article about tourism and conservation close reading travel experiences what makes a good vacation green activities text type: a postcard writing skill: informal style two people discussing the power of the mind a news item about traditional dishes a news item about imaginary eating an article about modern lifestyles language clues your favorite dish a healthy lifestyle modern life text type: a formal letter writing skill: explaining consequences 5

UNIT GRAMMAR VOCABULARY REAL LIFE (FUNCTIONS) PRONUNCIATION Living space pages 81– comparatives and superlatives used to , would , and the simple past house features in the city wordbuilding: verb → adjective word focus: as and like expressing preferences and giving reasons as … as rising and falling intonation VIDEO: A special kind of neighborhood page 90 ▲ REVIEW page 92 Weird news pages 93– modal verbs (2) speculation about the present: must, might, may, could, can’t modal verbs (3) speculation about the past: must have, might have, may have, could have, can’t have, couldn’t have the natural world word focus: look history wordbuilding: noun → adjective -ly adverbs in stories reacting to surprising news showing interest and disbelief VIDEO: Killer bees page 102 ▲ REVIEW page 104 Trade pages 105– articles in noun phrases determiners and possessives in noun phrases passive voice: all tenses money wordbuilding: compound adjectives shopping buying things linking VIDEO: Making a deal page 114 ▲ REVIEW page 116 No limits pages 117– defining relative clauses second conditional: if + would medicine word focus: take injuries wordbuilding: suffixes - ful , - less talking about injuries and VIDEO: High-altitude people page 126 ▲ REVIEW page 128 Connections pages 129– reported speech reporting verbs wordbuilding: prefix un - communications technology word focus: time telephone messages contrastive stress polite requests with can and could VIDEO: Crossing Antarctica page 138 ▲ REVIEW page 140 Experts pages 141– should have and could have third conditional: if + would have expeditions wordbuilding: prefix - in word focus: go making and accepting apologies should have and could have VIDEO: Shark vs. octopus page 150 ▲ REVIEW page 152 COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES page 153 ▲ GRAMMAR SUMMARY page 156 ▲ AUDIOSCRIPTS page 173 UNIT 7 UNIT 8 UNIT 9 UNIT 10 UNIT 11 UNIT 12 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USA Morocco India Japan Peru Pacific Ocean San Francisco Panama Mexico Bolivia Argentina Gabon Ethiopia China Antarctica Unit 7 A special kind of neighborhood Stories from the Mission District of San Francisco. Unit 12 Shark vs. octopus What happens when a shark and an octopus meet. Unit 9 Making a deal Learn how to bargain in Morocco. Unit 11 Crossing Antarctica The amazing story of two women’s ambition to ski across Antarctica. Unit 6 Dangerous dining Find out why people eat the most dangerous fish on Earth: fugu. Unit 8 Killer bees Discover why killer bees are damaging the future of the Latin American rain forests. Unit 5 A disappearing world A scientific expedition to record data about the rain forests of the Congo Basin. Unit 3 One village makes a difference Solving the problems of India’s water shortage. Unit 1 Peruvian weavers A weavers’ cooperative managed by the women of Chinchero. Unit 4 Confucianism in China Learn more about the famous Chinese philosopher Confucius. Life around the world Unit 10 High-altitude people Why research into people living at high altitude gives us a better understanding of human evolution. Unit 2 Taiko master The history of Taiko drum- ming from its origins in Japan to modern-day San Francisco. 8

Unit 1 Color F E A T U R E S 10 Life in color An article on how we use color in our lives 12 Culture and color Take two quizzes about color 14 Red is for winners A report on color in sports 18 Peruvian weavers A video about how women in the Andes are helping to preserve a way of life 1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo. What do the colors tell you about where the girls are? How do you think they feel? 2 Work in pairs. How do these colors make you feel? What do they make you think of? When do you see them or use them? red black yellow white 3 Discuss these questions with your partner. Are your answers similar or different? 1 What color is your house / your kitchen / your car / your cell phone? 2 What is your favorite color? Why? 3 Which color do you normally wear? Why? purple green blue gray Two girls at a family event in Brunei Photograph by Adam Hanif Unit 1 Color 9

Vocabulary time expressions 8 Find these time expressions in the article and in the comments in Exercise 5. Then complete the table with the expressions and add more. always at the moment often this fall today usually Simple present Present continuous on weekends every day never right now this month this week 9 Write questions with these verbs using the simple present or present continuous and time expressions. Then work in pairs. Ask and answer your questions. buy dress eat try out wear work Do you usually dress differently on weekends? Not really, no. Speaking 10 Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions like the ones below about these activities. Find three things you have in common. cook a meal decorate your house do housework dress up go online go out with friends go shopping go to evening classes go to an exercise class learn a new skill make something with your hands read a new book spend time with your family How often do you cook a meal? Are you cooking a meal at the moment? When do you usually cook meals? What are you cooking these days? 5 Complete the comments with the simple present and present continuous forms of the verbs. Feng, IT student We^1 (dress) casually at my college. But today my tutor^2 (wear) bright blue bike shorts! I know everyone^3 (say) IT people are “different,” but I think it’s a little much! Leo, finance assistant My boss often^4 (get) crazy ideas. At the moment, we^5 (try) out a new color coding system in shades of pink! Mina, sales assistant I usually^6 (get) take-out for lunch. I^7 (not /eat) inside because the bright yellow and red tables are horrible! STATIVE VERBS We use stative verbs to talk about states. These verbs are not normally used in the continuous form. Some verbs, for example love , can have both stative and dynamic meanings. Jinous loves clothes. Jinous is loving her new job. For more information and practice, see page 156. 6 Complete the table with these stative verbs. Can you add more? belong contain know love mean need sound suppose taste understand Categories Stative verbs thoughts / mental processes believe, , , , the senses (^) hear, , emotions (^) want, , possession (^) have, , 7 Complete the sentences with the simple present or present continuous forms of the verbs. Are they stative or dynamic? 1 a I (think) this color is OK. b We (think) about moving. 2 a The Quechua people (come) from South America. b A lot of people (come) to the city to live these days. 3 a I (love) purple flowers. b My sister is on vacation in Peru. She (love) it! T ay m en We tod h! (say mu na bos he m o My At t a new sa all in I u I^7 e brght Unit 1 Color 11

1b Culture and color Listening 3 1 Work in pairs. Take the quiz Colors and their meaning. Then listen and check your answers. 4 1 Listen again and complete the notes. Color Place Meaning red Western cultures Eastern cultures love, passion, 1 luck, prosperity, courage yellow China India power wisdom, 2 orange Japan happiness, 3 (^4) international Western cultures environmentalism envy 5 Do these colors mean the same in your culture? Vocabulary feelings and personal states 1 Work in pairs. Which color do you associate with the words love and anger? 2 Choose the correct word for each definition. Check that you understand the meaning of the other words. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 passion / prosperity financial success 2 love / luck what happens by chance 3 courage / anger the ability to face dangerous situations without being afraid 4 happiness / wisdom the ability to make good decisions based on experience 5 knowledge / sorrow information you get from experience or education 6 power / sadness unhappiness 7 joy / mourning great sadness when someone dies 8 pride / envy wanting what someone else has 1 Look at the photo. Where are the women going? a to a birthday party b to a wedding 2 Does red have different meanings in Eastern and Western cultures? a yes b no 3 Where does yellow symbolize wisdom? a China b India 4 Which color means “happiness” in Japan? a orange b pink 5 Who uses green as their symbol? a the environmental movement b paint manufacturers Colors meaning

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1c Red is for winners Critical thinking conclusions 6 Read Hill and Barton’s conclusion carefully. Which statement (a–c) means the same thing? When sports competitors are equally matched, the team dressed in red is more likely to win, according to a new study. a The color red can make a weak athlete successful against a strong athlete. b The color red is only an important factor when there is very little difference in the athletes’ skill. c The color red does not affect results when there is very little difference in the athletes’ skill. Vocabulary and speaking the roles we play 7 Look at the list of roles people can have. Which of these roles are mentioned in the text? anthropologist athlete biologist colleague competitor contestant friend manager mentor opponent parent primatologist researcher scientist teacher WORDBUILDING activity → person We can change the ending of some nouns to make words that describe what people do. anthropology → anthropologist win → winner 8 Work in pairs. Take turns choosing one of the words and describing what a person in that role does. Your partner will guess the word. This person helps you at work, but is not your boss. colleague 9 How many different roles do you play in your life? Compare with your partner. Well, I’m participating in a photography competition, so I suppose I’m a competitor. Reading 1 How many sports teams can you write down in one minute? What are their team colors? Which are the most successful? 2 Work in pairs. Read the article headline on page 15 and discuss what you think it means. Choose one of these options (a–c). a Traditional gold medals are now red. b Teams with the word “red” in their names win more often. c Red sports clothes lead to more success. 3 Read the article quickly. Check your ideas from Exercise 2. 4 Find information about these people in the article and correct the factual mistakes in these sentences. 1 Russell Hill and Robert Barton are athletes. 2 Joanna Setchell studies African birds. 3 Jonathan Blount is an anthropologist. 5 Match the research topics (1–4) with the scientists’ conclusions (a–d). 1 Results at the Olympic Games 2 African mandrills’ success with the opposite sex 3 Male and female zebra finches 4 The color of birds’ beaks a The color red gives some male monkeys an advantage. b The color red makes some male birds more successful. c Brightly colored beaks are indicators of healthier birds. d The color red can give some athletes an advantage. 14

fitness (n) /ˈfɪtnɪs/ health and strength indicator (n) /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪtər/ sign regulations (n) /ˌregyəˈleɪʃənz/ rules significant (adj) /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ 1 not by chance 2 with an important meaning unintentional (adj) /ˌʌnɪnˈtenʃən(ə)l/ not planned R E D I S F O R W I N N E R S That is the conclusion of anthropologists Russell Hill and Robert Barton, after studying the results of one-on-one boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman wrestling, and freestyle wrestling matches at the Olympic Games. Their study shows that when a competitor is equally matched with an opponent in fitness and skill, the athlete wearing red is more likely to win. Hill and Barton report that when one contestant is much better than the other, color has no effect on the result. However, when there is only a small difference between them, the effect of color is sufficient to tip the scale. The anthropologists say that the number of times red wins is not simply by chance, but is statistically significant. Joanna Setchell, a primate researcher, has found similar results in nature. She studies the large African monkeys known as mandrills. Mandrills have bright red noses that stand out against their white faces. Setchell’s work shows that the dominant males—the ones who are more successful with females—have a brighter red nose than other males. Setchell says that the finding that red also has an advantage in human athletics does not surprise her, and she adds that “the idea of the study is very clever.” Hill and Barton got the idea for their research because of the role that the color red plays in the animal world. “Red seems to be the color, across species, that signals male dominance,” Barton says. They thought that “there might be a similar effect in humans.” Setchell, the primatologist, agrees: “As Hill and Barton say, humans redden when we are angry and go pale when we’re scared. These are very important signals to other individuals.” In a study demonstrating the effect of red among birds, scientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male zebra finches and found an increase in the birds’ success with female zebra finches. Zebra finches already have bright red beaks, so this study suggests that, as with Olympic athletes, an extra flash of red is significant. In fact, researchers from the University of Glasgow say that the birds’ brightly colored beaks are an indicator of health. Jonathan Blount, a biologist, says that females of many species choose to mate with the brightest males. Blount and his colleagues think that bright red or orange beaks attract females because they mean that the males are healthier. Nothing in nature is simple, however, because in species such as the blue-footed booby, a completely different color seems to give the male birds the same advantage with females. Meanwhile, what about those athletes who win in their events while wearing red? Do their clothes give them an unintentional advantage? Maybe it’s time for new regulations on team colors? When sports competitors are equally matched, the team dressed in red is more likely to win, according to a new study. … bright red or orange beaks attract females because they mean that the males are healthier. Red seems to be the color… that signals male dominance. The toucan is one of many birds with a brightly colored beak. The blue-footed booby’s feet are the main attraction. Team color red Unit 1 Color 15

1e About us 4 Complete the sentences with some of the expressions you underlined in Exercise 3. 1 We are carrying out market research into cell phone use for a large telecommunications company. , we are advising a fast food company on a new logo. 2 our company is opening four new offices in major cities in the US. We are expanding to Latin America. 5 Work in groups. Imagine you run a small business together. Decide on your company name, field of work, and some current projects. 6 Work on your own. Write a website profile to promote your business. Use the Color It! profile and the categories in Exercise 2 to help you. 7 Work in your groups again. Read your profiles and choose the one that best promotes your company. The best profile should have no spelling mistakes and should make readers understand exactly what your company does. Writing a website profile 1 Read the information about the Color It! consulting company. Who (a–d) do you think would be interested in their services? a a nursery school with a new location b a newlywed couple buying their first home c a paint manufacturer d a fashion store opening new branches 2 Writing skill criteria for writing a Read the information again. Choose the correct option. 1 text type: website / letter 2 style: neutral / formal / informal 3 reader: current clients / potential clients 4 purpose: to promote the company / to advertise a product b Which features of the text helped you decide your answers in Exercise 2a? 3 Underline these expressions and verbs in the text. 1 time expressions 2 expressions that signal additional information 3 verbs describing the company’s work Color it! About us We are a professional color consulting company with fifteen years’ experience. We can offer advice on how to use color in your workplace. In addition, we help you find the products and suppliers you need. We lead the field in color therapy and interior design. Current projects We are currently working with a national airline on the design of luxury lounges. Our team of experts is also advising medical centers on the best colors to use for reducing patient stress in waiting rooms. Testimonials Color It! is completing a project redecorating our four-star hotel. We can highly recommend their professionalism. —Tartan Lodge, Nova Scotia This year, Color It! is involved with the promotion of Young Fashion Week. We are extremely pleased with the results so far. —Sandra Lowe, Art Director Interior design and color consultants http://www.coloritdesign.com Unit 1 Color 17

1f Peruvian weavers

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These villagers are part of something new. 18