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LESSON 1.1. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS FOR
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
STATISTICAL
INFERENCE
Etymologically, the term " Statistics " comes from the Latin word status , " the State " , and was coined by Achenwall (1749) in the middle of the 18th century with the meaning of " collection, processing and use of data by the State ".
Statistical Science, arose as a result of the integration of two disciplines: Political Arithmetic , in the sense of quantification of the State; and the Calculus of Probabilities , which was born in the 17th century as a Mathematical Theory of games of chance and which we could associate to the sense of Mathematical Statistics****.
MATHEMATICAL
STATISTICS
- Monthly salary of a company's employees
- Screw lengths resulting from the manufacturing process
- Share price volume of the companies' shares on the stock exchange
- Vote Estimates
- Work-related accidents
- Labour costs
- ...
Type of information that is the object of statistical
analysis:
Identify the set of individuals (or items) and the characteristic under análisis in each case.
POPULATION
POPULATION
ELEMENT
RANDOM SAMPLING: procedure based on chance for the extraction of representative samples of the population. In order to be able to draw valid conclusions about the entire population, the sample used must be representative or a faithful image of the total population.
SAMPLE
ELEMENT
Previous concepts: population, sample, element, census and survey.
VARIABLES
QUALITATIVE "ATTRIBUTE"
QUANTITATIVE "VARIABLE"
DISCRETE
CONTINUOUS
one-dimensional
N-dimensional
Preconceptions: variable (discrete/continuous) and attribute
CROSS-SECTION SERIES
Preconceptions: time series data/spatial or cross-section data
What you should not miss: title, unit, font
Source: National Institute of Statistics
Title
Unit
Source
What you should not miss: title, unit, font
Source: National Institute of Statistics
Title
Unit
Source
Additional information required
What you should not miss: title, unit, font
Source: National Institute of Statistics
Title
Unit
Source
What should not be missing: title, unit, source or briefing note and caption
Note: Data obtained from the Ministry of Public Works, INE and Tinsa.
Title
Unit
Source
Figure 4: Year-on-year rate of house prices in Spain during the period 2007-
Legend
What should not be missing: title, unit, source or briefing note and caption
Note: Prepared by the authors based on data from the Wage Structure Survey (INE, 2014).
Title
Unit
Source
Graph 2: Wage gap in Castilla-La Mancha 2010 with respect to average hourly earnings by region.
Legend
1,
4,
7,
7,
8,
11,
11,
12,
13,
13,
13,
13,
14,
14,
15,
16,
18,
18,
18,
0 5 10 15 20
Extremadura
Ceuta y Melilla
Castilla - La Mancha
Canarias
Islas Baleares
La Rioja
Castilla y León
Región de Murcia
Andalucía
C. Valenciana
País Vasco
Total Nacional
C. de Madrid
Galicia
Cantabria
Cataluña
P. de Asturias
C. Foral de Navarra
Aragón
Wage gap (%)
CCAA
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
Cantabria
Principado de Asturias
Comunidad de Madrid
Islas Baleares
La Rioja
Cataluña
Aragón
Castilla y León
Total Nacional
Comunidad Valenciana
País Vasco
Extremadura
Andalucía
Castilla - La Mancha
Galicia
Canarias
Región de Murcia
Comunidad Foral de Navarra
Ciudades de Ceuta y Melilla
Change in the hourly wage gap (pp)
CCAA
2010<2006 2010>
What should not be missing: title, unit, source or briefing note and caption
Note: Prepared by the authors based on data from the Wage Structure Survey (INE, 2014).
Title
Unit
Source
Graph 22: Comparison of the wage gap 2006-2010 with respect to average hourly earnings by Autonomous Region
Axe information
Legend
What should not be missing: title, unit, source or briefing note and caption
Note: Note: Prepared by the authors based on ISAAA data. Unit: million hectares
Title
Source and unit
Graph 2: Geographical distribution of transgenic crops in the world. Data for
What should not be missing: title, unit, source or briefing note and caption
Source: James ( 2012 )
Title
Source
Figure 19: Global Status of GMOs, 2012
What should not be missing: title, unit, source or briefing note and caption
Note: Compilation based on data from the Continuous Register Statistics at 1 January
- National Institute of Statistics. The graph of Spain in Excel can be downloaded from www.analisisydecisión.es.
Title
Note
Distribution of the degree of population ageing in Spain by Autonomous Community. Year 2012
Más de 22%entre 19 y 22% entre 16 y 19%menos de 16%
