Vista previa parcial del texto
¡Descarga Irregular plural nouns y más Apuntes en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity!
Noto 296 Nouns and determiners Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. 8 Svartvik, y. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman Number 287 das the fol buen ropped and ue eilipcic forn hes become institurioraliz name: the Tate (Gallery) the Merraaid (Theatre) ¿he Atlantic (Occaró the (River) Thames ¿he Mediterranean (Sed) the Majestic ¡Hotel) When the arieio ds wniticr. with a small. o ot part of the tame Htecif, Hones any modiñer descrihina the ¡efercat follows, rutiter titar. process, the article: ¿ho Srectitaktag Hialoyas, she tower Mississippi. 12 The Hague. howeccs. The is partof the memo lar 3 720), Classes of names typically preceded by the (a) Piural narnes (in general), eg: the Netherlands, the Midlands, the Great Latces, partionlariv including the following bro categories. (i) Groups of islands: the Hebrides, 1he Sherlands, the Canaries (or the Canary islands), ¡he Bahamas (id) Renges of moxataíns or hills: ¿he Himalayas, the Alps, íhe Andes, the Rockies (ot the Rock; Mounains), the Pyrenees, the Pennines. Also nonpicral games of ranges: the Cawcasus, ¡he Sierra Neruda. Exceptiors: Kensington Gardens, Burnham Beeches (b) Other geographical names: () Rivers: 1he Avon, the Donube, the Euphrates, the Potomac, the Kiine. (The word Rirer can sonelimes be inserted after ¿he: the River Avon, ete: but [er some rivers it comes last: the Potomac River, ele; cf 17.89). (li) Seas ané oveuns: the Pacific (Oscar), the Altantie (Ocean), the Bali (Sea), the Katiegas (1) Canals: ¿he Panuma Coral, he Suez Canal, (he Erie Canal (iv) Other geographice] featuzes of coastline: ¿he Gulf ef Mexico, the Cape uf Guod Hope, the Buy of Biscay, ¿he Strait of Magellan, the Sound of Bute, (the) Bosphorus, the Isle. of Man, the Isle of Wight Note that when there is premodification rather than postmodifcation in category (iv). the usually disappears. Thu: the Iste of Wighí Buz: Long istand the Baz of Naples BUT: Hudson Bay (e) Public nstuutions, facilizies, ete: 4i) Hotels and restaurants: 14e Grand (Hotel), he Waldorf Astoria (3) Theetres, opera houses, cinemas, and clubs: the Criterion (Hheatre), the Globe (Theatre), the Athenaeun (11) Museus, libraries, hospitals, elo: the British Museu, the Bodieian (Library), the Middlesex Hospital Probably because of their origin us place-names, Drury Lane and Covent Garden ue exceplions Lo the rule (hal theatres and opera houses take he, asia the Metropolitan. Wken the name oí a public institution begins with agenitive, (he suo! used: Wkite's, Gaylord's (Restaurant), Browx'sí Howl, Gio"s (Hospital), Se Johur's (College). Note 5.74 (8) Ships and planes, parti the Spiritof St Louis (e) Newspapers and periodicals: The Economist, The New Fork Times, The Observer, The Providence Journal, The London Review: of Books. The ES generally spelt with a capital Jetter in names of newspapers. ' Irrespective of whether or ao! the article is Bartof the name itself, 1 is not used after an inccfirite article or other determiner or genitive: larly when renowned in history. eg: ¿he Victory, Have you got a Times? [not: “a The Times] She's a Times reporter Have yow secn today's New York Times? Malcolm lent mo his Guardian Magazines anc periodicals, on the other hand. often have a zero article Time, Punch, English Tarnguago Teaching Journal, New Scientist, Seientifio American > Number Number classes The English number system constítutes a two-lerm. Contrast: SINGULAR. which denotes “one”, and PLURAL, whick derotes “more than one”. Esck noun Phase 1s either singular or plural. and its number is determined in general by its hcad, which is typicaliy a 30un, ln the following sections we will Concentrate on number as a property of nours. end as a hesís for tncir classification la] Er adéition to s aná plural auruber, ve may discingush duel mumber ln the case of dh ciher. aná noricr (af 5.16). since thoy can omy be used vit: referenco to two. Saá ha plural concard (076.50): cier nd nethor have singulse concord (76,59, ft] Unike some languages whote plurs! implics teo oz none”. Eaglich magos (he "more Uan one” o o ame hal day. ome doy. tar: oneauda tul dars rmodoys. ono cun dere However, th following rersain singular. 2 poumdunda half.o da; or une 5.38) more anun mn aer We cistinguish three main number classes of nouns (A) — SINGULAR INVARIABLE NOUNS, including noncount novas (eg: music, gold), most proper nowns (eg: Zltomas, the Thames). We may «lso —. Comsider here ebstracr adiectivo heads, og: ¿he mpstical(c/ 7.26), (B) — PLURAL INVARIABLE NOUN: howns eccurring onty lu (he plural, eg people, scissors, We may also consider here personal adjective heads 28: the rich (ef7.237) : (CID) VARIABLE NOTES, de nouns occurring with either nunber: The dog is The dogs are ingular 0r plural 3.75 298 Nous and determiners We distinguish (wo subelasses: (C) REGULAR, with plurals predictable frora the singular (like dog), and (D) IRREGULAR, where the plural is not predictable (eg: foo1 — Jeer, child — children). lo tais latter group we find a large mmber of aours with foreign plerals, eg: criterio > criteria, analysis = analyses. Figure 5.74 provides 4 summary of the classification with section references to the subsequent discussion. SINGULAR PI UUN CLASS (A) SINGULAR INVARIABLE RONCOLNI 204A5 gold (Aa) (5.75) abstract adjective heads the unrect (AD) (71,26) proper noues Henry (Ac) 15.604) (B) PLURAL (INVARIABLE 5ustmation plura! seissors (Ba) (5,76) plaralia tactura in => ihanks (BM) (8.77) vemarked plaral nouns people (Bc) (5.78) persoral adjective heads dherich (Bd) (1.237) proper nouns ¿he ips (Be) (5.62) (C) NOUNS MITA REGULAR PLURAL dog = dogs (0) 15.79) (D) NOEUNS WITIL IRREGULAR PLURAL voicing and =s plural calj lees (Da) (5.83) «mutation plaral foot fea IDH) (5.84) -en plural child children (Dc) (5.85) zero plural sheep sheep 1Dd) (3.869) " stimulus — stimul (De) (5.93) larva —farvae (DO 69) Stratum = strela (Dg) (5.95) matrix — matrices — (DH) (596) foreiga plurals < chesis o Hieses ) criterión = criteria (DD (5.98) bureau — burenux (Di) (5.99) sempo —1empi (DD (5.100) ¿cherúub — —cherubim (Dre) (5100) Fig 5.74 Nurabes classes (4) Singular invariable nouns Nancount nouns are singular and invariahle, io they have no plural. Some concrete noncount nouns cen be reclassified as count nous wilh specific mearings, for example burters (kinds) of hutter land a beer la glass of beer] (TA Number 29% Absiract nontount nouns normally have no plural: music, diri, homework, etc. But some can be reclassified «s count nouns where they refer to 4n instance of a given abstract phenomenan infustices, regrels. kindnesses, pleasures, etc. Meny abstract nouns are equally at home a the count and roncount categories (cf 5.4). Proper nouns are typically singular end invariable: Henry, (e75.62). Some noncount nouns, particularly those denoting natural paenomena, may be pluralized, eg Thomes, ets walking through the wsods — Thaveserious donbrsterave fears raise someone hopes Ler's play on the sons Some pluruls express intensily, greul quanlily or extent, and have a literary Nlavouz, for example: the snows ol Kiimanjaro the sands ol the deser suiling on the great waters Note the following classes of invariable nowns ending ja -s which take 2 singular verh, except where otherwise mentioned : (i) Neves is always singular (a/5.9) Here is the news from lis BBC. — What's le nes todas (if) Nouos ending ia -d2s denvling subjects, sciences, eu are usually invariable and treated as singular, eg. Mathematics 35 Ue science oí quantilies. Other such novas include: acousties — economies linguistic; athletios ethics phoneties classics gymnastics physics Some, however, can be singular or pvrel, in particular when such words can denote both one's knowledge ol the subject and the practical applicacion of cs is sad to be the art of the impossible. [the science of government] E] His polirtes are rather conservative. [political views] [Lal In some cases, there are foreys without -s for special uses Statistics is a branch of ieathemetios These síatistics show Lal exports are still low. There is a surprising statistic in your lutesl report. A new ethic is needed in the world today Has the new coach found a factic that works? (10) Names of certain diseases ending in -s are usually treated ingular (but some speakers alsu aucepl plural), eg: (German) measles, mumps, rickets, shingles: A A 302 Nouas and deteminses satulations on your birthda vongratulations: Many ong : he silver content of a cui; the styie ind contems: a table of contents (Bu contentaf a book) crodentials: evaluate the credentials of students exstoms: pay customs duly: go Enro33l Customs us the airport; a customs officer aregs: coco dregsigrounds, the drogs ol society dues Pfee']: pay one's dues to a society; herbour dues eamings: Ber eaeriags ure higher luis yeas. (BUT: Sarains power): ALSO: proceeds, returns, rishes funds Emoney']: for tack of funds: be short of funds (BUT: a fund [a soures of oneyT) goods Eproperty, merchandise: leather goods: A goods train (AmE = a treight train) grassrovis (te rank and 5le: grasseoots opinion/revolysepport (BUT: at grassroot Jevel) gus Fnowes: arso “courage” berths, birth < birtks, length: — lengihs With a vowel before the -1h, the pluzal has, again, oftea regular pronunciation POsí. as with: mm 308 Nouns and determiners (iv) Usually zero plural: bison, grouse, qual, salmon, swine (ef the norz always bas regular plural) (9) Always ceso plural: sheep. deer, cod 2) word pig which [8] Sine ani as a word of abuse may also have zero plural Pot cocine fan one cs moco persons, He called tom suine. Hut ivisoccesionaliy used wide ceguler plerel bese eines witk their big ca:s lb) Some animal rirros, Bike drck 23d 20050. sefus ta both gumo and f096 : sico dues. Batir mopconrt, For otier anirtals there is o special wore for tl fest: alar animal considered as fvod. iv: haz: aser but cet renison ef 3.4: pigtpork, cto) (0) Nationality nouns Nationálity nouns cadine in -ese also have zero plurals (ef5.57) one Chinese - Ave Chinese: similarly" Japanese, Lebanese, Portuguese, Sinhalese, Vietnamese, cto: also: ane Swiss — 10 Swiss Certain nationality and etbnjc names are sometimes used without si Apachels), Bantu(s), Bedouinis). Eskimols), Navakots) Sioux has the same written forte for singular and plural, but the prononciation /sus/ in the singular corresponds to either /suz/ or ¿st he plural. (HE) Quantitative nouns (1 The nouns dozen, hundred, thousand, ane million have zero plurals when they are premodificd by another quantitalive word (c/6.65): two hundred people several million inhabitants tarec dozen glasses muny ihousand times tínn can teke plural -sif no noun head follows: fa fos tumidred. They want y ten thousand. Lseverad milltonts) The plural forro is normally used with all four novas when an of phrase [ollows, wita or withont a preceding indefinite quantitative word: (many) dozens o] glasses (meny) kunareds of people (several) chousands of spestators fa few) millions of inhabitants But the cero form is common enough a few miilion ofus, several hundreditaousand of hem Wnte such corabinations as: tens of thousands of people Inunlreds of millions of stars hundreds (and hudreds iond nundreds)) of times Nare 599 Number 399 (10) For denotine length and pawrd denoting we:ght often have zero plural. particularly when a numeral follows: [foc foot me. Shesomy e fico [1000 y, Leer, five feet. Cusually> (69) Also pound denoting currency may have zero ot regular plural when a numeral follows: Thús ticket costs only le ponla) Jos. 7 | vo pousds. The more genera! use of sioguler for plural with measure nouns ls ronsiar daré but widely coment Divcighs five pure Mare widely acceptable is: Fico prue poros please The singular is howuver standard ia quanteto ive expressions o? ¿ter jon He's early sis Joa, he following type (ef 7.108):0 Othcr quantitative nouas (some of them rather rare) with zero plarals include the following when used with definite numbers and measurentents brace [== 23: "Eve hrace of pheasanis” gross[= 12 dozen]: ten gros of naiis" brad [= 1]:*400 head of cattle” horsepower, HP: "This engine has only Bfty horsepower* huneredweight [British weight = 112 pounds;: “five bundredwcight (of coal' (ilojkerto: “Two kilohertz equals 2000 hertz.” P ¿pis Ppenny" Cinformal BrF>l: “The paper costs 25p fpi:j" [125 pence" ¿more formal)]. Penny is comsvonly used in BrE and AmE when refersing to the actual coms as dístinci from the velue: “Seve your pensíes anc! watch gour doliars grow.” quid Cpound" COREFERENCE GENDER CLASS (o Brother wño=he (5.105) Ab) Ses sister who -she 6103 CEN doctor — who=hejshe (5.106) ¿recono y como dat [o tee, (o) Pio) collective fumo died A 5108) animate 4 / 0) higher CN h Ée bull det) de (5.109) non- which ¡ persona: Ll) ose (5.10% € which=te Sn ant AA TO inenimate box which 5110) 15103 Condor classes 5.105 Gender 315 (a/b) Personal male/femate nouns Personal maie nouns have pronoun coreferenco with wko-he and female nous with who-ske. These noursare of two Lypes, Type (i)is mosphologicalJy uamarked between male 4nd female, whereas in Type (3) Lhe wo gender lorms have a derivational relationship. The derivational sulfixes are not productive, however. We cannot, except jocularly, for example, form eferk = *clerkess on the host — hostess partera (sf: App 1.33). di) Morphotogically unmarkod for gender, eg bachelor - spinster bey gl brother sister father mother king —queen mun viomian Mr — Mrs, Mis, Ms montos nun nepliew — me: uncle > qunt (ti) Mozphologically marked tor gender, e host — hostess walter wi lress prince princess hero — = heroine steward — stewardess — wsher — — usherente god goddess emperar — empress In the following two pairs. it is the male noun that is marked: bridegroom — bride wicower — widow Some male/female pairs denoting kinship huve dual gender terms, for example parent [or father —- mother and sibling (esp technical) lor brother — sister. Some optional fomale forms (poetes. autheress, ete) are no longer in normal use, being replaced by the dua! gender formes (poei, author, ete). la order tv avoid sexual bias in language, artempts have been made (esp in AmE) to introduce sexaneutral forms, such as s/he for both she and he, wafman for woman and man, fight atrendant Tor airfine hostess. The prospect of wider acceptance of s/he and wojmen is reduced by the fact that these ace written forms only. Other such examples are: supervisor for foremen fisher for Gsherma fuefighter Jor remen mail caccier jor maílman chair(person) for chairman usher for usherene spokesperson for spokesman homemeker for housewife Meraber of Congress for Congressman (c) Personal dual gender This class of nawns, wbich has wku-he or she pronoun coreference, includes, ¿or example, the following: artist couk doctor enemy foreigner friend guest inhabitent librarian novelist parent person professor servant singer snesker student teacher typist writer Tf it js felt desisuble to give information on the sex of íhe person, a gender marker may he added, such as male siudentjfomale student. Yho dual class is 
