Lan
ua
e
reference
Linking words
for
contrast
We
use
these
linking
words
to
show
contrast:
although
even
though
while
whereas
but
however
despite
in
spite
of
on
the
one
hand,
.. ' (on
the
other
hand,)
although, even though while and whereas
•
We
use
although,
even
though, while
and
whereas
to
put
two
contrasting
ideas
in
one
sentence:
I didn't
buy
the
dress
although
I
thought
it was beautiful.
• They
can
be
placed
at
the
beginning
of
the
sentence
or
in
the
middle,
between
the
two
contrasting
ideas:
It
was late. She
decided
to
phone
him.
~
Although
it
was late,
she
decided
to
phone
him. OR She
decided
to
phone
him
although
it
was late.
•
When
the
sentence
begins
with although,
even
though,
while
or
whereas,
we
separate
the
two
parts
with a
comma.
When
these
words
are
placed
in
the
middle,
the
comma
is
optional:
Berlin
is
a noisy city. My
home
village
is
quite
peaceful.
~
While Berlin
is
a noisy city,
my
home
village
is
quite
peaceful. OR Berlin
is
a noisy city
whereas
my
home
village
is
quite peaceful.
•
even
though
is
stronger
than
although:
I
didn't
buy
the
car,
even
though
I
had
the
money
ready
in
my
pocket.
but
•
but
can
be
used
to
join
two
sentences.
In
this
case,
it
is
used
in
the
middle
of
the
sentence
and
it
often
follows a
comma:
We
warned
her,
but
she
didn't
pay
any attention.
•
but
can
sometimes
be
used
at
the
beginning
of
a
new
sentence:
He
likes romantic films.
But
don't
tell anybody!
=
See
also
page
191: Using
commas
however
•
however
normally
starts
a
new
sentence
and
refers
to
the
sentence
before.
•
It
is
usually followed by a
comma:
He
decided
to
go
out
to
the
cinema. However,
he
didn't
tell his family where
he
was going.
desoite
and
in
spite
of
•
despite
and
in
spite
of
mean
'without
taking
any
notice
c-
or
being
influenced
by';
'not
prevented
by':
He
got
into
the
basketball
team
despite
being
quite
short.
She
went
swimming
in
spite
of
the
cold
weather.
• They
can
be
placed
at
the
beginning
of
the
sentence
or
-
the
middle.
They
are
followed by a
noun
or
a
verb
+ -ing
•
When
used
at
the
beginning
of
a
sentence,
a
comma
is
also
used
to
separate
the
two
parts
of
the
sentence
:
Despite
working
all
day, Teresa didn't feel
at
all
tired.
We
got
to
school
on
time
in
spite
of
the
heavy
traffic.
on
th~
one
na'1d, .. (on
the
ott-er
nand,)
•
on
the
one
hand
... (on
the
other
hand) normally
start
ne
sentences
and
can
be
used
to
balance
two
contrasting
ideas
or
points
of
view:
I'm
not
sure
whether
to
go
to
the
seaside
for
my
holidays
this year.
On
the
one
hand,
most
of
my
friends are going.
On
the
other
hand, it's
time
to
have a
change
and
go
somewhere
different.
•
on
the
other
hand
can
be
used
to
introduce
a
contrasting
idea
even
if
you
haven't
used
on
the
one
hand:
Doing
sport
can
be
a great way
to
relax.
On
the
other
hand, it can
cause
quite serious injuries.
look, seem and
appear
We
use
these
verbs
to
express
our
impressions
of
something
or
someone:
I haven't talked
to
him very much,
but
he
seems
very
intelligent.
You still
look
tired,
even
if
you
have
slept
all
night.
We
use
these
with
the
following
patterns:
look/seem/appear
+
adjective
She
looks very old.
He
seems
hungry.
Marga
appeared
tired.
subject
+ look +
as
if +
sentence
The car looks
as
if it
needs
washing.
You look
as
if
you've
had
a
bad
day.
it
looks/seems/
appears +
as
if
+
sentence
It
looks
as
if
the
car
needs
washing.
It
seems
as
if
you've
had
a
bad
day.
seem/appear
+
infinitive
The weather
seems
to
have
changed
.
She
appeared
to
be
crying.
look/seem
+ like +
noun
He
looks
like
my
uncle.
It
may
seem
like
an
impossible
task,
but
it isn't
really.
B