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82 U N I T 12
12. A great idea
2 You are going to read a magazine article about items that were invented or discovered by accident. You will have to decide which question is mentioned in each section. First of all, skim the text for general meaning. Then look at the first question below. The key words which you will need to find a paraphrase for in the text are underlined.
Which section mentions the need to change people’s attitude when buying goods? 1 The answer is in section E and the part that contains the answer is underlined. The key words are purchase and groceries. Now answer questions 2–10 in the same way. Underline the part of the text in which you find the answer to the question. Which section mentions the need to find a cheaper way of doing something? (^2) someone who didn’t believe their discovery was important? (^3) an idea which resulted from someone not being able to find what they wanted easily? (^4) a misunderstanding of how to use something? 5 a decision to keep on trying to make an idea better? 6 the need for a new method of storage? 7 the need to manufacture something in large amounts for it to be worthwhile? 8 an idea which was a copy of something found in nature? 9 an idea which arose from an attempt to improve on an already well-known item? 10
Speaking 1 Student A: Look at photos 1 and 2. Compare the photos and say why electricity is important in modern life. Which electrical appliance couldn’t you live without? Student B: Look at photos 3 and 4. Compare the photos and say what the advantages and disadvantages are of each method of transport. Which method of transport do you prefer and why?
Reading
Exam spot
In Paper 1 Part 7 you need to match the meanings of the questions to the meanings of sections of the text.
1 2
3
4
A G R E AT I D E A 83
Vocabulary
Word formation
3 The following words are from the reading text above. In pairs, talk about what part of speech they are and then change them into nouns. a celebrating b failed
c hot d fresh
e various f strong
g destroying h industrial
A The teabag The teabag is over 100 years old but not everyone is celebrating. A time- consuming ritual has been transformed by the little paper packet into a five- minute break, and it has saved the tea industry by fulfilling the modern need for convenience and speed. Like many inventions, the teabag came about by accident. Struggling to cut costs, Thomas Sullivan, a New York coffee merchant who turned to tea, sent out samples of poor quality tea in small silk sachets rather than as good quality loose tea. His customers failed to realise that they were supposed to cut open the sachet and empty its contents into a pot. The result was an immediate hit with American tea drinkers. It was viewed with suspicion by British drinkers at first and only took off in the 1960s.
B Potato crisps George Crum reportedly created the potato crisp in 1853 near Saratoga Springs, New York. Fed up with a customer who continuously sent his fried potatoes back, saying that they were soggy and not crunchy enough, Crum sliced the potatoes as thinly as possible, fried them in hot grease, then sprinkled them with salt. Eventually, the crisps were mass-produced, but since they were kept in barrels or tins, they quickly went stale. Then, in the 1920s, Laura Scudder invented the airtight bag by ironing together two pieces of waxed paper, thus keeping the crisps fresh longer. Today, potato crisps are packaged in plastic or foil bags.
C Post-it Notes In 1968, Spencer Silver from the company 3M attempted to make ordinary sticky tape, which was in use all over the world, even stickier. During an experiment, the researcher made a thick substance which did not sink into surfaces and could be removed with ease. However, no one at 3M was interested in the substance because it didn’t stick. Sometime later, Spencer’s colleague remembered the not- so-sticky substance. This man sang in a choir in his spare time. He had a problem knowing where in the book the various songs were. He managed to solve this problem with the help of the sticky substance invented by his colleague: the substance helped stick bookmarks in the song book without spoiling the pages. Post-it Notes were first sold in 1980.
Invented or discovered by accident?Invented or discovered by accident?
c tr pa mi sav by fulfilling
e ot- e.
DD Velcro The Velcro fastener was invented in 1941 by George de Mestral, a Swiss engineer. He noticed that flower seed heads (burrs) kept sticking to his clothes when he was walking in the Alps. He decided to devise a unique fastener that duplicated the burrs’ tiny hooks. Although de Mestral first met with resistance and even laughter, he stuck to his idea. After many experiments, he realised that nylon, when sewn under infra red light, formed tiny but tough hooks, which easily attached themselves to softer, velvety nylon fabric. Velcro became a revolutionary fastening system which never goes wrong and is both simple and strong. It is still being used with great success today.
EE The shopping cart Silvan Goldman invented the first shopping cart in 1936 when he saw his customers were reluctant to purchase a large number of groceries at any one time at his store because they were too heavy to carry. Once, Goldman saw a customer putting her bag with groceries on a toy machine that her son was pulling with a string. He came to the conclusion that he needed to fix small wheels to an ordinary shopping basket. Later, Goldman created the first modern shopping cart with the help of mechanical engineers. They were first manufactured in 1947.
FF Penicillin Sir Alexander Fleming, a British biologist, was researching a strain of bacteria in 1928, and noticed that one of the glass culture dishes that had accidentally been left near an open window had become contaminated with a fungus. He noticed that the fungus was destroying the bacteria. When he first published his fi ndings, Fleming didn’t think anyone would be very interested because the fungus (penicillin) was difficult to cultivate and slow-acting. It wasn’t until 1945 that penicillin was able to be produced on an industrial scale, changing the way doctors treated bacterial infections forever.
A G R E AT I D E A 85
Vocabulary
Collocations with come, tell and fall 9 In the article in 12.1, the collocation come to a conclusion is used. Match the sentences beginnings a–g with the endings 1–7. a I was so tired that I fell b I find it hard to tell the twins c Dan found it hard to come d She’s so unlucky – she often falls e Every night their grandmother would tell f Paul told his boss g There’s no pill to make someone fall 1 to a decision about his future. 2 in love with you, unfortunately. 3 a lie so that he could avoid the company training weekend. 4 apart, they are so similar. 5 asleep in front of the TV. 6 ill on holiday. 7 them a story about her childhood. In pairs, use the collocations to make some sentences that are true for you. example: I fell ill last winter.
DO YOU NEED MORE PR AC TICE?
CD -ROM UNITS 11–
Exam spot
When you have a key word transformation from active to passive or passive to active, it is important to keep in the same tense as the original sentence.
7 Link the following pieces of information using a passive.
example: social networking sites – millions of people Social networking sites are used by millions of people. a watches – Switzerland b gunpowder – China c Tutankhamen’s tomb – Lord Carnarvon d satellites – 1957 e 2020 Olympic Games – not London f togas – the Romans
8 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 Inventors don’t like people copying their ideas. OBJECT Inventors being copied. 2 Why were the students mixing up those chemicals in the lab yesterday? BEING Why up in the lab yesterday? 3 They made her hand over her notebooks. WAS She her notebooks. 4 People say that the local camera shop is very good. SUPPOSED The local camera shop very good. 5 My boss told me of his decision yesterday. INFORMED I decision yesterday. 6 Our mother always used to hide our presents in the attic. WOULD Our presents in the attic by our mother.
Corpus spot
Take care when using the passive – the Cambridge Learner Corpus shows that exam candidates often make mistakes with this. The hotel was opened by a famous film star. NOT The hotel opened by a famous film star. Correct the mistakes that candidates have made with the passive in these sentences. a I was give a leaflet, which contains some interesting questions. b First of all you could go to the museum, which has been builded many years ago. c My laptop has bought for me two months ago. d This brand established in 1980. e The meeting has cancelled. f It located in a beautiful area. g My friend called Cecile and she is very pretty. h In your advertisement was written that there would be more than this.
86 W R I T I N G F O L D E R 6
Writing folder 6
Paper 2 Part 2 Reviews
In Part 2 of Paper 2 you may be asked to write a review, for example of a concert, film, play or TV programme you have seen. A review is a type of article which is generally published in a magazine or posted on a website. It can be either serious or light-hearted, and should contain both information and opinion. 1 Think of the best and worst films you have seen recently. List their good and bad points. Then tell your partner about each film. 2 Look at the notes about two films below. Which film did the writer prefer, A or B? A B fascinating storyline boring love scenes historical events appalling dialogue shocking violence complicated plot tremendous soundtrack terrible costumes excellent acting skills dull characters interesting locations unrealistic ending frighteningly realistic disappointing special effects 3 Read the film review opposite and complete gaps 1– with one of the sets of phrases in 2. 4 A positive review usually ends with a recommendation, as in the review opposite. Which of the recommendations below are grammatically correct? Tick them and correct the other sentences. a I suggest you to see this film without delay. b This film is highly recommended. c The movie has much to recommend it. d I will advise you not to miss this film. e I strongly advise you to go and see the film. f I could recommend this film to you.
One of the best films I have ever seen is The Last King of Scotland , starring Forest Whitaker. His performance as Idi Amin is ( 1 ) and cleverly illustrates how strange Amin’s behaviour was at times. Alongside Whitaker, newcomer James McAvoy displays some ( 2 ) as the young Scottish doctor Nicholas Garrigan, who arrives in Uganda just as Amin takes power and who eventually becomes his personal doctor. Uganda has some amazing landscapes and the film’s ( 3 ) show us the real beauty of the country. The ( 4 ) , based on a novel by journalist Giles Foden, blends fact and fiction in a very clever way, sweeping us along with the ( 5 ) that were such a tragedy for Uganda in the 1970s. There are a number of scenes of ( 6 ) and the film is frequently disturbing because of this, but at the same time it is totally gripping. Last but not least, there is a ( 7 ) , with a wide range of African music that will have you dancing in your seat at times. I thoroughly recommend this film to you.
88 S P E A K I N G F O L D E R 2
Speaking folder 2
Paper 4 Part 2
In Part 2 of the Speaking test, you speak on your own for one minute. You are given two photographs with a printed question. You should compare the two photographs and answer the question. You are also asked to answer a question about your partner’s photographs. This part of the test takes four minutes for a pair of candidates and six minutes for a group of three candidates.
Examiner: Pedro, it’s your turn first. Here are your photographs. They show people enjoying sports in different situations. I’d like you to compare the photographs and say what it is that the people are enjoying about each of the sports.
What are the people enjoying about each of the sports?
Examiner: Thank you, Pedro. Natalia, do you prefer to watch or take part in sport?
1 Look at the two photographs related to sports. Discuss similarities and differences between the two.
2 2 02 Listen to Pedro and Natalia doing Part 2 of the Speaking test. Answer the following questions. a What did Pedro say is similar about the photos? b What did he say is different about them? c What does Pedro say the people are enjoying about the sporting events? d What is Natalia’s opinion of taking part in sports? e What is her opinion of watching sports? 3 2 02 Tick the things Pedro does in his answers. Then listen again and check.
- paraphrases an unknown word
- answers the printed question
- expresses his own opinions
- hesitates and talks slowly
- uses linking words and phrases
- corrects a word form
- describes each photo in detail 4 Match the beginnings of the sentences (1–4) with the endings (a–d). Use linking or contrasting words and phrases from the Useful language box on page 89. 1 Both photos show sports 2 In the first photograph, the people are actually doing the sport, 3 The people in the first photo are different ages, 4 The people playing golf are a family. a , the people watching the football match are all young men. b , in the second, the people are watching. c they are very different. d the football fans are quite young.
S P E A K I N G F O L D E R 2 89
USEFUL LANGUAGE Linking In the first photo … The second photo shows … Both photographs show … Neither photo is … To answer the question, … Contrasting One difference is that … Another difference is that … but, while, whereas On the other hand, … However, … less / more … than, although … Expressing opinions and preferences I think … In my opinion … I prefer … I wouldn’t mind … I like … I don’t like … I enjoy … Paraphrasing unknown words I can’t think of the word, but it means … I don’t know the exact name of this (sport / food), but it’s a bit like … I’m not sure how to say it, but it’s a kind of …
5 Look at the second exam task for Speaking test Part
2. Read the Exam advice and think about the two questions the examiner asks.
● In Part 2 of the Speaking test, you need to make sure you compare the photographs. Remember, you don’t need to describe the photographs in detail. ● Make sure you leave enough time to answer the printed question. ● Practise comparing two photographs to get an idea of how much you can say in one minute. Don’t stop talking until the examiner says ‘Thank you’. ● Use linking phrases and words/phrases of contrast to organise your ideas and what you say. ● If you don’t know or can’t remember a word, use other words to describe what you want to say.
EXAM ADVICE
6 Work in pairs. Do the Part 2 task. Follow the Exam advice and use the words and phrases from the Useful language box in your answers.
Examiner: Now Natalia, here are your photographs. They show people spending time with their friends. I’d like you to compare the photographs and say how important it is to spend time with friends.
How important is it to spend time with friends?
Examiner: Thank you, Natalia. Pedro, do you think you spend enough time with your friends?
Assessment focus: Discourse management
The examiner will award you marks for organising your speech, so remember to use a wide range of linking words and phrases to order your ideas and contrasting phrases to compare the photos. It is also important to speak without hesitation and to avoid repeating your ideas.
Pronunciation^ page 180
G E TA G R E AT I T R I G H T I D E A! 9191
Focus on prepositions
4 Complete the sentences with one preposition in each gap. a More than 50,000 runners take part the New York marathon every year. b He talked about how he prepares a race. c All athletes worry getting injured. d She explained us why the safety equipment is so important. e Lots of people listen music while they’re at the gym. f Last year, she got married her coach. g It’s easy to spend a lot of money sportswear. h I’d like to thank my family all their support.
Focus on word order
5 Find and correct a mistake with word order in each sentence. a There are lots of different activities available, even you can try kitesurfing. b Probably I’ll get tickets for the basketball match if I can. c I’ve been recently to Switzerland to go snowboarding. d If the weather’s good, we always could go surfing. e During the course, also you’ll participate in a number of outdoor activities. f Make sure you have a strong lock because bikes easily can be stolen.
Focus on vocabulary
Be careful with the words sport, sports and sporting – the Cambridge Learner Corpus shows that Spanish-speaking exam candidates often make mistakes with these. Remember: ● sport is a countable noun to describe activities like tennis, football or basketball What is your favourite sport to watch on TV? ● we use sports or sporting before another noun a new sports centre NOT a new sport centre Wimbledon is a major sporting event. NOT Wimbledon is a major sport event.
6 Complete the text using sport, sports or sporting in each gap. A major (1) wear company is asking people to vote for their greatest (2) moment. If you’re a (3) fan, it’s probably quite difficult to choose. Was it a world record by your (4) hero? Was it when your team won the cup? Or maybe it was a (5) event held in your home country. Of course, it’s very difficult to compare one (6) with another, or to say that one (7) person is better than another. But whatever your favourite (8) , now’s your chance to vote.
Focus on spelling: vowel
sounds 7 Find and correct a spelling mistake in each sentence. a The view from the top of the slopes is beatiful. b You’ll recive an email to confirm your booking. c On a tipical day, I probably spend about 30 minutes walking. d In lots of cities now you can rent bycicles to get around. e In Paris, for exemple, there’s a bike rental scheme called Vélib. f Everyone has to take responsability for their own health. g That means thinking about what you eat and your phisical fitness. h A healthy diet can help prevent heart desease.
The virtual world
12.
92 U N I T S 7–
Topic review 2 Read these sentences and say which are true for you, giving more details. Don’t be afraid to use your imagination! a I used to be different from how I am now. b Next weekend I’m going to do something dangerous! c I look like a famous film star. d It must have been difficult looking after me when I was younger. e I can’t stand losing when I play sport. f I’d like to invent something useful, like the Post-it Note. g As a child, I was always made to finish my food. h By this time next year I’ll have passed Cambridge English: First. i I really enjoy watching adverts on TV. j I find it hard to believe that the Earth has been visited by aliens.
Vocabulary 3 Two common verbs are used in these sentences. Decide what they are and fill the gaps, using a suitable verb form. a We’re used to living in a village now. b Luisa after her grandmother when it comes to looks. c Don’t try and out of doing the chores! d Stefan is still at home over a cold. e You should turns to borrow the car to go into town. f I finally a letter from the company last week, offering me a refund. g Susie gets really annoyed when Jack doesn’t her suggestions seriously. h I should really account of other people’s feelings more. 4 Decide which is the odd one out in these sets and say why. a disturbing, terrifying, cunning, appalling b voice-over, jingle, slogan, campaign c martial arts, snowboarding, aerobics, gymnastics d fancy, detest, loathe, hate e deep, wide, huge, shallow f pitch, sports centre, court, track g intend, pretend, expect, hope h extravagant, economical, affordable, cheap
Units 7–12 Revision
Grammar 1 For questions 1–8, read the film review below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The best fi lm I have seen is LA Confi dential, starring Kim Basinger and Kevin Spacey. It was set (1) 1950s Los Angeles, and (2) the budget wasn’t particularly extravagant, the fi lm had very powerful images and seemed totally authentic. For example, the costumes looked just like what people (3) have worn; the cars seemed to (4) exactly what people used to drive around in. (5) of the actors played their parts extremely well, and Kim Basinger in particular gave (6) truly outstanding performance. The film was absolutely gripping, largely (7) the storyline was so carefully put together. There were several ingredients: not only the obvious ones like murder and blackmail, but also corruption, Hollywood lifestyles and some moving family histories. (8) is an impressive fi lm. Not to be missed!
