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Edward s instructions were to name William of Normandy as his successor. Godwin had also a son called Harold II,0 3 0 1 who became earl of Wessex. He was sent to Normandy by Edward to meet William with the promise that William will become King. But when Edward died in 1066, Harold crowned himself as king as Harold II. The aristocracy supported Harold because he was Anglo-Saxon, he didn’t t want a foreigner (Norman) as 0 3 0 1 a King. William was imprisoned. Also, the Vikings attacked again, concretely the Kin of Norway, Hardrada and his Scandinavian army. Harald Hardrada (and Tostig, invaders) vs. Harold II (in the battle of Stamford Bridge) = won Harold II, Harald was killed.
There was an important battle: The battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 represented the victory for Harold II of England. 3 days later William of Normandy landed in the South of England, so Harold had to ride south, they were exhausted for the other battle, so they were defeated in the Battle of Hastings and Harold was killed. William was crowned King. (((There s a historical document, Bayeux Tapestry, it tells the story of the Battle of Hastings from 0 3 0 1 the Norman perspective, tells the story of William s invasion of England in great detail) 0 3 0 1
- There was a new King
- There was a new dynasty
- There was a new aristocracy: Will took his noblemen with him. This new aristocracy replaced the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy.
As soon as William became king, there were uprisings, supported by the Danes/clans, especially in the North, Scandinavian people. This rebellion was quickly repressed by the king and, as a consequence; William destroyed the land in the North. This is known as the Harrying of the North. All the Anglo-Saxon lords that rebelled against the king were replaced by Norman lords. When William I died, there were 2 prominent Norman lords only. (Hereward??) One of the most important consequences:
The introduction of the feudalism. William created the feudal system: Power depends on the holding of the land, and the land belongs to the king, but the king can give portions of land to his vassals, only if they were loyal and they were ready to fight for the king and they recognize his supremacy and provide him with soldiers or money. They had to pay homage to the king, this means that they were King s men; they had to promise fealty, loyalty to the king. Manors 0 3 0 1 represented a castle and the farms around it. Each manor had a lord, serfs and villains. Serfs and villains had to work for the manor, they paid rents to the lord and in regard they received a piece of land for their families. They couldn’t 0 3 0 1 leave the manor without the permission of the lord.
The relation between France and England became much more important. The king became also the owner of the forest. The king William was the only one who could hunt in the New Forest Laws. This had important consequences for the peasants, because in times of hunger, hunting was a resource and now it was forbidden.
The result of this was the Domesday Book; it was a record of all possessions in England as animals, buildings, money... What each people owned, the rents they had to pay to the king. Things also changed in the church. Lanfranc became archbishop of Canterbury. William had promised he would change all Anglo-Saxon bishops for Norman bishops and he did. There were always tense relationships, problems between the Pope and the King, because they were always trying to control each other.
There were 2 different kinds of courts:
-Religious/ecclesiastical -Secular court of justice
Who should appoint/choose the bishops? The King or the Pope? The Norman invasion had important consequences in culture. Almost in every town was a Norman castle. Also, churches, cathedrals, monasteries... built in Romanesque style.
There were also consequences in the language, the Norman nobles spoke French, and so many French words were included in the English vocabulary. Malcolm III was the king of Scotland (started the modernization), he was married to Margaret, a devout Christian. When he died, his brother Donald Bane, who didn’t t agree with the modernization, 0 3 0 1 had the throne. He wanted to Scotland to go back to the old ways/traditions (Celtic). There were problems because Malcolm III had several children who wanted the throne (Edgar, for ex.)
He had the supports of Scottish people. He had a serious confrontation with Margaret s brother, Edgar Aetheling, who 0 3 0 1 was one of the leaders of the rebellion against Donald and he was successful, Donald was defeated and lost the crown of Scotland. Edgar became king of Scotland and continued the process of modernization that his father had started.
The lands on the borders besides Wales were given to the stronger lords (Norman barons) known as the Marcher lords. He started invading Walesbut the Princess of Wales fought, so welsh people could recover their land, just after William died. (1087) Who will succeed William I? His sons: Robert, Duke of Normandy; William II Rufus “The Red” or Henry I. William I gave the kingdom of England to Rufus. Robert tried to invade England a few times but he couldn’t t. There are Crusades, The Second and The First. 0 3 0 1
Robert wanted to go to the crusades (need money). Robert gave Normandy to William II, but William II died in 1100 in stranger circumstances in the New Forest. He was hunting with his noblemen and his brother Henry. A nobleman shot William with an arrow claiming that he thought he was a deer, and as soon as he fell dead, Henry ran to London and crowned himself king. (William II had 2 sons.) Henry was the more appropriated for being the king because he succeeded in the conquest of Normandy. He defeated his own brother for that.
In the end, in the battle of Tirchebrai, he captured Robert and held himself imprisoned in a cell for 25 years until he died. Henry I (married Edith) had many illegitimate children, but only 2 legitimate: William and Matilda. Unfortunately, Prince William died before becoming king at the event of the Wreck of the White Ship = a disaster, at the English Channel. This had effects on the dynasty. Devastated, Henry faced his noblemen to make an oath to support his only remaining daughter Matilda, but they weren’t t ready to leave a woman 0 3 0 1 ruling, so the king was his cousin Stephen. She never actually became Queen.
Henry I nephew, Stephen, became the king. There was a civil war in England between Matilda and King Stephen that 0 3 0 1 lasted 30 years, this period is known as The Anarchy. Matilda was recognized as (Domina Auglorum) or “The Empress”. She had married twice:
- To a German emperor, for this reason is known in history as “The Empress”
- Her second husband was Geoffrey Plantagenet (count of Anjou)
After 30 year of fighting, Matilda and Stephen reached to an agreement. Stephen would be king, but after he died, Matilda s son, Henry II would be king. Henry II became king in 1154 and was the first king of the Plantagenet dynasty 0 3 0 1 in England, a dynasty that is going to last until the End of Middle Ages in 1485. Henry II was King of England, Count 0 3 0 1 of Anjou and Maine, and Duke of Normandy. He married Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, so Henry also dominated Aquitaine and then conquered Brittany. He ruled over many territories. These territories were known as the Angevin Empire. He was also responsible for the “coat of arms”: -Three lions, -Three lions –Casas azules?
He was a very good commander and warrior and he was interesting in learning in the church and in the law. He reinforced/revamped the legal system. He created a lot of laws/rules, he established “The common law”. He also introduced a jury at court of 12 men, and he tried to reduce the power of the nobility= conflicts.
Thomas Beckett was Henry II 0 3 0 1best friend and cultivated man who became a priest. Henry made Thomas his Chancellor (man who rule the country in the king absence) for 8 years. Then, he became archbishop of Canterbury because he wanted to focus on the support of the church. Thomas defended the Church against the crown. This caused a quarrel between them, so they became enemies. Perhaps what finished their relationship was the division of the court.
There were 2 types of court: ecclesiastical and secular (Church court and royal court) Henry had the idea that religious people who had committed a crime were judged in the secular court. Of course, Beckett opposed, he said that that was a church matter. Henry banished Thomas for 6 years into exile (France).
After 6 years, Henry allowed Thomas to come back, but he confiscated all his possessions. Henry II and Eleanor had many children, but they didn’t t have a very good family relationship. His own wife conspired against him with some 0 3 0 1 of his sons (as Henry, Geoffrey, Richard. He locked Eleanor up, Henry died. Richrebellion for Aquitaine to John, but John joined it, king Henry died ). Henry wanted his eldest son to be King. Henry, the eldest son of Henry II, was crowned while the king was still alive. The Archbishop of York did the coronation. (coronaba el arzobispo de Canterbury, pero estaba en el exilio).
Thomas Beckett excommunicated the Archbishop of York and everyone else who attended the coronation (had supported the king). So, he was killed, maybe the Henry II ordered crime or he only did an insinuation and his soldiers misunderstood his words. This caused the excommunication of Henry II, because he was considered a bit guilty of the crime. Public/harsh penance to Henry and the Church considered Beckett a martyr. And years later he was declared a Saint. From that day, ecclesiastical people were judged by the ecclesiastical court. The common law was introduced in England after Beckett died.
In Edward s time, Alexander III was king of Scotland, and then he died. His granddaughter Margaret was the only0 3 0 1 heir. Ed I arranged the marriage between Margaret and his son Edward, but Margaret died when she was travelling to Scotland. So, who was going to be king of Scotland now? There were several claimants. The 2 most important were John Balliol and Robert the Bruce. Ed I supported John Balliol because he considered he was not strong. Eventually, Balliol became the new king of Scotland. Ed I wanted Balliol to recognize his supremacy, but John refused. So, he attacked John Balliol in the battle of Dunbar in 1296. Balliol was defeated by the English and had to surrender, he lost his crown.
There was a confrontation at Lanark between English soldiers and Scottish people. Here some English officials were murdered. William Wallace participated and for this reason, became famous and the leader of Scots. In 1297 WW led the Battle of Stirling Bridge where the English were defeated. In 1298 took place the Battle of Falkirk where the Scots were defeated by the English. As a consequence, William Wallace had to escape, but he was captured, tortured and executed. Robert the Bruce became the new leader of Scots and crowned himself as Robert I, King of Scotland. Edward I was angry, so sent an army, but he was old and ill, he died before in 1307.
In 1314 the battle of Bannockburn took place against Robert Bruce. In this battle the English were defeated; it was total victory for the Scots. 6 years later in 1320 was signed the Declaration of Arbroath (independence of Scotland until 1603), Scotland remind independent. Edward II married Isabel of France who had sons with his husband. She was stronger than Ed II and she had a lover called Mortimer. 1326 ?? Isabel of France organized a fled with her lover. Edward II was captured and died in prison. He was king during 20 years. They replaced him with Edward III, but since he was only a boy, Isabella and Mortimer had the real power. (Later, Ed III arrested them)
Trade and commercial activities became important, there were more inhabitants, the cities grew, economic develop in England. Edward III was a powerful king. When Charles IV( Edward I s uncle) died, Philip VI became king of France, 0 3 0 1 but Edward III considered that he had better rights than Philip VI. So, he declared war to France (Philip VI was the overlord of Ed III) Edward III adopted the title of king of France. All the kings of England adopted this title although they weren’t t kings of France. Edward III also adopted the lower (fleurs-de-lis ) on his coat of arms. Ed III had some 0 3 0 1 important victories like the victory in the Battle of Crecy in 1346.
Edward III s son, the Prince of Wales, was called the (Edward) Black Prince because of his armour. 0 3 0 1 In 1347 Edward III succeeded in the Siege of Calais and later, more than 200 year, Calais was in possession of England. In the battle of Poitiers in 1356 the French were defeated and the king Jean II was made prisoner of the English. They signed a treaty which said Edward renounced to Normandy and Anjou and to be king. In return, he received Calais and more land in Gastony/Aquitaine. Meanwhile the Black Death was ravaging Europe (1348-XIV Century), it was a bubonic plague due to rats, which was transmitted to humans through fleas (pulgas). This devastated Europe, 1/3 of the population died. In 1350 disappeared. Since there were little workforce, they were well- paid. When Edward III was king of England, the nobles had a more important role in the Parliament.
In 1362 the Parliament established English as official language in the ¿lordort.? When Edward III was king, the Order of the Garter was instituted in honour of his son. Only the most important nobles were members of this, it was an honour. The Black Prince was a good warrior but he died so he never became king of England. When he died, it was his son Richard II who became king as a child in 1377 (10 years old). He had to face an important peasants revolt in
- He had to bring money to finance the war against France, but people reacted due to Poll tax. Richard II made some promises to pacify the situation. When the situation was pacified, he killed the leaders of this peasants revolt. He was very certain of his divine power, he was an absolutely king, he had the power of God, and God had chosen him.
He banished Henry Bolingbroke and Moubray and he even confiscated the land of the Duke of Lancaster (although he was very powerful, he was his uncle). Then, the rest of the nobles reacted and started a rebellion and they were led by Henry Bolingbroke, and, as a result; the nobles elevated Henry to the throne of England and deposed Richard. Henry became Henry IV. Henry IV was the first Lancaster king. This was the beginning of the Lancaster house. When he died, his son, Henry V became king of England and when he was king, the political situation in France was very unstable. (Conquering France again, The Hundred Years War) The battle of Agincourt took place in 1415 and here England defeated the French because the Welsh archers (longbow men) used longbows.
After the battle, the French Prince, The Dauphin had to escape to Paris. 5 years later Henry V signed a treaty with the king of France known as the treaty of Troyes in 1420. According to this treaty, when Charles V died, Henry V or his successors would be kings of France.
Henry V was married to Catherine, a French princess, daughter of Charles V. Henry V died 2 years later, in 1422, and his son Henry VI was only 1 year old, but he became king and Queen Catherine became his widow and she married Owen Tudor, a Welsh noble. The situation in France was difficult. There was a revival against the English invaders. Joan of Arc participated in the Siege of Orleans.
Charles VI s son, The Dauphin (Charles VII) was crowned King of France. The English had been defeated, they had0 3 0 1 lost France. This supposed the end of the Hundred Years War. (1453)) Joan of Arc was captured and executed/burnt in Rouen.
Richard, duke of York, maybe could be king if Henry VI hadn t have children. Until he had a descendent, the situation 0 3 0 1 was difficult. His son was Edward of Lancaster whose mother was Margaret of Anjou. This made the political situation in England tenser.
The Wars of the Roses was a dynastic conflict which took place in England between 2 of the descendants of King Edward III; the descendants of the first duke of Lancaster and of the first duke of York. He revised the Titulus Regius. The house of Lancaster was represented for Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and his son Edward. Their symbol was the Red Rose.
Richard, duke of York, was the leader of the house of York. Its symbol was a White Rose. He considered he had a better claim to be king, because he was descendent of the Duke of York on his father side (nieto de Edward III) and descendent of Edward III (Duke of Clarence) on his mother side. Richard said his sons were descendants of Duke of Lancaster for 3 sides (mother line and him 2). His sons had better claims to anybody else; because he married Cecily Neville, who was a descendent of the duke of Lancaster and member of the Beaufort family.
The conflict started in 1455. An important battle was the Battle of Wakefield which took place in 1460. Richard, duke of York and his second son, Edmund, were killed in this battle. So, the house of York was defeated.
So, now, Edward, his eldest son, became the leader of the house of York and he could defeat Henry VI, so Margaret of Anjou and their son had to escape to France. Edward was crowned as Edward IV in 1460 to 1469, for 9 years. One of his most important supporters was Richard Neville of Warwick. He was an important and powerful man who lived in Middleham Castle. This is why Edward IV sent his 2 younger brothers (George and Richard) to lead on Warwick and Warwick had 2 daughters, Isabella and Anne. So, they were married. Warwick was making an arrangement to marry Edward IV with a French princess, but Edward IV married an Englishwoman called Elizabeth Woodville. George married Isabelle with the king consent and Richard, Anne.
In 1469 Warwick negotiated secretly with Margaret of Anjou, so he became allies. Furthermore, he had George s 0 3 0 1 support (Edward IV s brother) his son-in-law. They collected an army and attacked Edward IV for surprise. Edward IV 0 3 0 1 and his youngest brother Richard had to escape to Burgundy.
Later, in the battle of Barnet Warwick was defeated and killed. In the battle of Tewkesbury Edward, Prince of Wales was killed and Margaret was captured. In Tewkesbury, George supported Edward IV (changed sides). Elizabeth Woodville was in Sanctuary.
In 1470 Henry VI was liberated of the tower of London and became King again. Edward IV recovered the throne of England in 1471. (reigned 1471-1483) George was especially powerful due to his marriage with Isabelle Neville who inherited lands from his father when he died. A half of his possessions went to Anne, who was widow of the Prince of Wales. George could control possessions in the North of England.
Now, Richard wanted to marry Anne Neville (Warwick s daughter), so he did. In 1478, when Edward IV was king of 0 3 0 1 England, after Isabella was dead, George was executed by Ed IV for treason (he ordered the execution of his brother). Now, Richard was very powerful in the North because all possessions of Isabelle and George passed to him. But, again, there were problems when Edward IV died inexplicably in 1483. Ed IV s son, Edward, was very young (130 3 0 1 years old) but became king of England. When Ed IV was dying, he named his brother, Richard, protector of the kingdom and of his son, Edward V.
The Woodville wanted to have influence on Edward V, bur Richard didn’t t allow; he moved to London because he 0 3 0 1 was acting as protector of Edward V. Richard put Ed V and his brother in the Tower of London for “protection”/safe- keeping, supposed. The boys in the tower disappeared. It was known that Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville. The Parliament had to debate this question because this marriage is not legal; his sons were bastards, illegitimate.
Parliament issued a document called Titulus Regius and in this document it was decided that Edward IV marriage with Elizabeth was not legal, because he had betrothed another woman. So, Elizabeth was put on dead. This meant that his children would t be kings of England. Finally, Richard became king as Richard III in 1483; and 2 years later the battle 0 3 0 1 of the War of the Roses took place. In the battle of Bosworth Richard was defeated by Henry Tudor and died in this battle. Henry Tudor was the representative of the house of Lancaster. He was a descendent of the Beauforts, was
