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From Indo-European to West Germanic
INDO-EUROPEAN
-^ major branch of Indo-Hittite •^ probable origin 4000-5000 BC in the general region of the Caspian Sea (around the lower Volga)as the so-called 'Kurgan Culture‘; expansion in waves/raids •^ conflicting view sees origin 7000 BC in Anatolia; slow spread of agriculture •^ spread at the beginning of Christian era:West: Ireland - East: India - North: Scandinavia, Northern Russia - South: Crete, Spain, India Branches of Indo-Hittite:^ I. Anatolian (
† Hittite,^ † Luwian, † Palaic, † Lydian)
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History of English
I. Anatolian (
† Hittite,^ † Luwian, † Palaic, † Lydian) II. Indo-European^ a. Armenianb. † Tocharianc. Indo-Iranian (Indic: Sanskrit, Hindi etc.; Iranian: Farsi, Kurdish etc.; Nuristani)d. Albaniane. Greekf. Italic († Osco-
Umbrian: † Oscan, † Umbrian; Latin
-Faliscan: †Faliscan, Latin-Romance: Latin, Italian etc.)
g. Celtic (Brythonic: † Cornish, Welsh, Breton; Goidelic: Irish, Scottish Gaelic)h. Germanic (East: † Gothic; North: Swedish, Danish etc.; West: German, English, Dutch etc.) i. Balto-Slavic (Baltic: Lithuanian, Latvian; Slavic: Russian, Polish, Serbian, Croatian etc.)
From Indo-European to West Germanic^ THE EXPANSION OF INDO-HITTITE
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History of English Geographic distribution of the Indo-Hittite family before 1500 AD (exception: Anatolianlanguages and Tocharian were extinct by then and supplanted by Turkic languages)
From Indo-European to West Germanic
WEST GERMANIC^ Proto- West Germanic
Ingvaeonic^
Istvaeonic^
Erminonic
Anglo-Frisian
Old High German
AD ~ 100 ~ 300 ~ 600
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History of English
Old High German
Old English Old Saxon
Old Low Franconian Middle English
Middle LowGerman
Middle Dutch
Middle HighGerman
Old Yiddish
Old Frisian
Yiddish German DutchAfrikaans Low German Frisian English ~ 600 ~ 700~ 800 ~ 1000~ 1200~ 1700~ 1800
From Indo-European to West Germanic^ VOWEL CHANGES IN PROTO-GERMANIC
Reconstructed vowel system of Indo-European
i^ u e^ o ǡ Monophthongs:
Length distinctive:
i:, e:, u:, o:, ǡ: Diphtongs:
ei, oi, ǡi, eu, ou, ǡu
Proto-Germanic vowel mergers^ ⋆⋆/o/^ >^ /ǡ/:^
o ǡ^
Non-Germanic:ɑ
octō^ ‘eight’ (Lat.) – Germanic:
ahtau^ (Goth.) ager^ ‘field’ (Lat.)
-^ akkrs^ (Goth.)^ http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka History of English ⋆
ǡ^
ɑ ouǡu^
ǡu oi ǡi^
ǡi ǡ: o:^
o: ei i:^
i:
⋆⋆/ei/^ >^ /
i:/: ⋆/ǡ:/^ >^ ⋆/o:/:
ager^ ‘field’ (Lat.)
-^ akkrs^ (Goth.) Non-Germanic:
rūfus ‘red’ (Lat.) <
⋆h /roudos/
(Goth.)
augeō^ ‘increase’ (Lat.) –
aukan^ (Goth.)
Non-Germanic:
oinos^ ‘one’ (O. Lat.) – Germanic:
ains^ (Goth.) aes (^ /aǺs/ )^ ‘brass’ (Lat.) –
aiz^ (Goth.)
Non-Germanic: m
āter ‘mother’ (Lat.) – Germanic:
mōdor^ (O. Eng.) pos^ ‘foot’ (An. Gr..) –
fōtus^ (Goth.) Non-Germanic:
h steíkō^ ‘go’ (An. Gr.) – Germ.:
stīgan^ (O. Eng.) ‘ascend’ suīnus^ ‘belonging to a pig’ (Lat.) –
swīn^ (O. Eng.) ‘pig’
From Indo-European to West Germanic
GRIMM’S LAW
Massive transformation of the obstruent system:
First Sound Shift (Grimm‘s Law)
affecting all three rows of stops^ I.^ p, t, k, k
w^ >^
f, θ, x, x
w^
[- son, - cont, -vc]
→^ [+ cont]
Non-Germanic:
pāter^ ‘father‘ (Lat.) – Germanic:
fader^ (Goth.),
fæder^ (O. Eng.)
Non-Germanic:
trēs^ ‘three’ (Lat.) – Germanic:
þrēo^ (O. Eng.),
þrír^ (O. Icel.)
Non-Germanic:
cord-^ (Lat.), kardíā^ (Gr.) ‘heart’ – Germanic:
haírtō^ (Goth.),
heorte^ (O. Eng.)
Non-Germanic:
quod^ ‘what’ (Lat.) – Germanic:
hvat^ (O. Icel.),
hwæt^ (O. Eng.)
II.^ b, d, g, g
w^ >^ p, t, k, k
w^
[- son, - cont, +vc]
→^ [- vc]
Non-Germanic:
dubùs^ ‘deep‘ (Lith.)
-^ Germanic:
diups^ (Goth.),
dēop^ (O. Eng.)
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History of English Non-Germanic:
dubùs^ ‘deep‘ (Lith.)
-^ Germanic:
diups^ (Goth.),
dēop^ (O. Eng.)
Non-Germanic:
edō^ ‘eat’ (Lat.) – Germanic:
etan^ (O. Eng.),
itan^ (Goth.)
Non-Germanic:
ego^ ‘I’ (Lat.)– Germanic:
ik^ (Goth.),^ ic
(O. Eng.)
Non-Germanic:
gám-^ ‘come’ (Sanskr.)
⋆w < /gem/
qiman^ (Goth.),
queman^ (O. H. German)
-^ the order of the changes is unclear except that the changes in I. must have precededthose in II. otherwise
⋆/ b d g/
would emerge as
/f θ x/
-^ the only fricative
⋆ /s/^ is unaffected
-^ number of contrasts stays the same
→^ no major change in the phonological system
From Indo-European to West Germanic
GRIMM’S LAW
h III. b, d hhwh, g, g
^ β, ð, γ, γ
w^ [- son, - cont, +vc, + spr gl]
→^ [+ cont]
Non-Germanic:
h brātar^ ‘brother‘ (Sanskr.) – Germanic:
brōþar^ (Goth.),
brōþor^ (O. Eng.)
Non-Germanic:
h tugátēr^ ‘daughter’ (Gr.:
h⋆ /t/ <^ /d h/) – Germanic:
daúhtar^ (Goth.),
dohtor^ (O. Eng.)
Non-Germanic:
hamsa^ ‘goose’ (Sanskr.) <
⋆h /gǡns/– Germanic:
gans^ (O. H. German.),
gōs^ (O. Eng.)
Non-Germanic:
h ompē^ ‘voice’ (Gr.)
⋆wh < /song ǡ/^ – Germanic:
w siggan^ (Goth.), syngva^ (O. Icel.)
-^ after nasals (and possibly liquids) the voiced aspirates became unaspiratedvoiced stops - by the time Old English and other individual Germanic ancestor^ languages developed they had become stops in nearly all positions, therefore the
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History of English languages developed they had become stops in nearly all positions, therefore the examples given here all include stops • labialized velars could disintegrate into either their primary or secondaryarticulation:IE
⋆ wh / gn t/ 'battle' >
gunnr^ (O. Icel.) wh Sanskr. g armáh^ ‘heat’ –
wearm^ (O. Eng.) ˈ
From Indo-European to West Germanic
ACCENT SHIFT
Word accent in Proto-Indo European: free^ →^ can occur on any syllable of a word, e.g., -^ stem-initial:
⋆h /ɑgomp
-o/^ ‘peg‘
-^ suffix-accented:
⋆ /som-ɑo/
‘same’
-^ alternations within paradigms: Sanskrit ‘light’
[ɑru:k]^
(nom. sg.);^
[ɑru:caħ]^ (nom. pl.); [ru:kɑe:]^ (dat. sg.);
h [ru:gɑbjaħ] (dat. pl.)
Word accent in Proto
- Germanic:
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History of English
Word accent in Proto
- Germanic: fixed^ →^ first syllable of the lexical root⋆ -^ /ɑskipǡm/
⋆ 'ship'; /ɑβerisi/ 'you bear'
-^ morphology-sensitive (prefixes ignored) -^ quantity-insensitive (no preference for heavy or light syllables)⇨^ the levelling of accent obscures the conditions for predictable phonetic changes thattherefore become phonemic – one of these changes is
Verner‘s Law
From Indo-European to West Germanic
VERNER’S LAW
Verner‘s Law voices voiceless fricatives that are in unstressed syllables:
[+ cont, -son, -vc]
→^ [+ vc] / V[- stress] C
__ 0
Sequence of phonological processes (exact vowel qualities in suffixes left unspecified):
Pret. sg.^
Past Participle
Pre-Germanic IE
ɑwǡrt
wrt-ɑVn-
Grimm‘s Law I
ɑwǡr
θ^
ɑ wrθ-ɑVn-
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History of English
Grimm‘s Law I
ɑwǡr
θ^
wrθ-ɑVn-
R-vocalization
-^
wȚrθ-ɑVn-
Verner‘s Law
-^
wȚrð-ɑVn-
Accent shift
-^
ɑwȚrð-Vn-
ð > d^
-^
ɑwȚrd-Vn-
Brightening
ɑwæɿǡrθ^
ɑ -
From Indo-European to West Germanic PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF PROTO-GERMANIC After vowel mergers and Grimm‘s law, Proto-Germanic would have had thisphonological system serving as the basis for all dialects developping from it. Consonants: p t^
k f^ θ^ x
Vowels: short:^
long: i^ u^ i:^ u: http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka
History of English f^ θ^ x β^ ð^ γ s m^ n w^ r l^ j
i^ u^ i:^ u: e^
e:^ o: ǡ Diphthongs:^ ǡi, eu, ǡu
Sporadic long/short contrasts forconsonants possible (see next slide)
From Indo-European to West Germanic SOME ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF PROTO-GERMANIC PHONOLOGY
-^ sporadic assimilation of clusters of non-identical consonants, creating geminates: e.g.Lit.^ pìlnas
vs. Goth.^
fulls , Old Eng.
full
-^ pre-nasal raising: IE
⋆ /eNC/^ > PG
⋆ /iNC/ (/b hhend/^ ‘bind‘ >
/βinð/), see also Lat.
(of)fendimentum
vs. Old Eng.
bindan
-^ early umlaut (regressive partial vowel harmony): e.g. raising of
⋆ /e/^ before high
vowels and
⋆ /j/^ (IE^ ⋆/medh-jo-s/
⋆ > PG /mið-jǡ-z/
‘middle’)
-^ nasal loss and compensatory lengthening: in some cases [
ŋ] the allophone of /n/^ http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka
History of English
-^ nasal loss and compensatory lengthening: in some cases [
ŋ] the allophone of /n/
before velars dropped before
⋆ /x/^ and the preceding vowel was lengthening, e.g. ‘think’ infinitive
⋆ [θǡŋk-jǡ-n]
, Pret. 1. sg.
⋆ [θǡŋx-to:]
⋆ > [θǡ:x-to:]
-^ obscured contrasts or segment loss in weak (i.e. unstressed) syllables: e.g., loss offinal unstressed
⋆ /ǡ, e/^ (IE
⋆ /woid-ǡ/
‘I have seen’ > PG
/wǡit/^ > Goth.
wait^ ‘I
know’ (→
Gr.^ oid-a ))
From Indo-European to West Germanic^ INNOVATIONS IN WEST GERMANIC
^ West Germanic Gemination
: major change distinguishing West Germanic from all
other forms of Germanic, including North GermanicAll consonants except
/r/^ are doubled when immediately preceded by a short accented vowel and followed by
/j/
[+ cons]^ →
[+ long] / [- cons, - long, + stress] __ [- cons, -syll, -rnd] Old English
NWG/Early WG
Old English
Gothic
^ Loss of final
⋆ [z]: leads to loss of nom. sg. suffix (Goth.
dag-s^ ‘day’ vs. OE
dæg ) http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka
History of English
Old English
NWG/Early WG hyll-e^
hul-ja^ ‘I hide’ hyl-(e)-st^
hul-i-s^ ‘you hide’ hyl-(e)-ð^
hul-i-þ^ ‘he hides’ hyll-að^
hul-j-and^ ‘they hide’ hul-j-an^ ‘to hide’ hyll-an
Old English
Gothic scieppan^
skapjan^ ‘create’ sēcan^
sōkjan^ ‘seek’ hell^
halja^ ‘hell’ farjan^ ‘ferry’ satjan^ ‘set’ dailjan^ ‘divide’ wandjan^ ‘turn’ feriansettandælan ˉ wendan
From Indo-European to West Germanic WEST GERMANIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Consonants: short: p^
t^ k f^ θ^
s^ x β^ ð^
γ m^
n
Vowels: short:^
long: i^ u^ i:^ u: e^ o^ e:^ o: ǡ^
ǡ: Diphthongs:
long: p:^
t:^ k: f:^ θ:^
s:^ x: β:^ ð:^
γ: m:^
n:
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History of English
m^
n w^
r l^ j
Diphthongs:^ ǡi, eu, ǡu, iu
-^ no voiced stop phonemes (but allophones afternasals) •^ no palato-alveolars like
/ȓ/^ or^ /ȷ/
-^ no phonemic velar nasal
/ŋ/
-^ no phonemic glottal fricative
m:^ n: w:^ r: l:^ /h/
j:^ •^
no low front vowels • rounding is not distinctive • all diphthongs end in
[i]^ or^ [u]
-^ new diphthong
/iu/^ from
[u:] adding as a feminine ending tostems originally ending in
[e:], ⋆e.g. /xi-u/ ‘she’
From Indo-European to West Germanic^ MORPHOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY II • three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter • three numbers: singular, plural, dual (used for two things) • pro-drop: the pronominal subject was unexpressed; person and number were indicatedby the inflection of the verb • the paradigm of PIE
thought/mind
(f.): singular^
dual^
plural http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka
singular^ History of English
dual^
plural
nom.^
méntis^
méntih^1
méntejes
voc.^
ménti^
méntih^1
méntejes
acc.^
méntim^
méntih^1
méntins
inst.^
mntíh^1
-^
hmntíbi
dat.^
mntéjej^
-^
mntímos
abl.^
mntéjs^
-^
mntímos
gen.^
mntéjs^
-^
mntéjohom
loc.^
mntéj^
-^
mntísu (Ringe 2006:48)
From Indo-European to West Germanic
VERBAL SYSTEM
-^ verb inflection based on aspect, i.e. whether something is completed, ongoing, repetitive, habitual •^ the three aspects of PIE: ◦^ stative^ (perfect):
used to express a state, e.g. ‘be afraid’, ‘know’ ◦^ imperfective
(present): used for an event with internal structure, i.e. somethingongoing, repetitve, habitual, incomplete ◦^ perfective
(aorist):^
no reference to internal structure, aspectually neutral(comparable to the aspectual notion in the simple past in English: fairly neutral)
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in English: fairly neutral) History of English
-^ aspectual system was later restructured into a tense-based one •^ tense in PIE: - expressed only in the indicative- imperfective stems made present and past- perfective stems only past- stative stems used the same form for present and past
