The Persisting Gender Gap: How Modern Societies Strengthen Ancient Internal Differences, Diapositivas de Inglés para Derecho

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As barriers

disappear,

gender gaps

widen

Notions

on the

title

The title sums up Dr. Schmitt’s conclution: as

counterintuitive as it may sound, wealthy modern

societies that level external barriers between women

and men strengthen ancient internal differences

instead of weakening them.

On modern psychology

The article brings up two major schools of thought

in modern psychology and their opposite postulates.

On the one hand, evolutionary psychology claims

gender differences have a fundamentally biological

root. On the other hand, social-roles psychology

states that any difference between men and women

is the result of sociocultural structures.

To test how both theories adapt to the real world, a

research was made to evaluate personality tests

taken by men and women all around the world.

Dr. Schmitt’s findings

The results thrown by this research were

surprisingly not favourable to neither one of these

schools and highlighted the shortcomings in their

respective approaches.

Because of this, Dr Schmitt and his collaborators

decided to do their own research which strengthens

the previous theories adding a new main focus: the

economy. As odd as it may sound, the more

economically developed a society is, the bigger the

gender personality gap becomes.

Vocabulary

- hierarchy: /ˈhaɪərɑːki/ a system, especially in a society or an organization, in which

people are organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest.

- allude (to) : /əˈluːd/ to mention something in an indirect way. - jaunt: /dʒɔːnt/ a short journey that you make for pleasure. - jibe (with sth): /dʒaɪb/ to be the same as something or to match it. - monopolization: /məˌnɒp.əl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ the act or process of taking control of the

largest part of something so that other people are prevented from sharing it.

Patterns

• Parallel increase: “The more Venus and Mars have equal rights and similar jobs, the more their personalities seem to diverge” Structure: the + comparative adjective + clause + the + comparative adjective + clause This structure is used to show proportionate increase or decrease.
• Parallelism with “not only/just X but also Y”: “…not just the physical but also the social stresses in traditional agricultural societies” Structure: Not only/just + xxxxx + but also + xxxxx (rather formal) This structure is used to show parallelism.

Patterns

• Comparative structure: “Personality is more complicated than height” Structure: Noun + verb to be + more + adjective + than + noun If the adjective were shorter, the structure would be: Noun+ verb to be + adjective + -ed suffix + than

• noun This structure is used to compare by highlighting a more predominant element in one of the two subjects or objects in a sentence.

• So that clause: “ These findings are so counterintuitive that some researchers have argued they must be because of cross-cultural problems with the personality tests” Structure: So + something + that clause

Patterns

• Comparative structure : “For instance, the average disparity in height between men and women isn’t as pronounced in poor countries as it is in rich countries” Structure: as + adjective/adverb + as + something We use this structure to make comparisons when the things we are comparing are equal in some way.

- “Things could get confusing if the personality gap widens further as the sexes become equal.” “Things” is a Noun functioning as the Subject of the sentence. “could get confusing if the personality gap widens further as the sexes become equal” is the Predicate of the sentence. “could get” is a Verb phrase functioning as Main verb. Get is an Inchoative verb, and here it is acting as an Intransitive verb of incomplete predication. “confusing” is a Present participle functioning as the Subjective complement. “if the personality gap widens further as the sexes become equal” is an Adverbial clause of condition functioning as an Adverbial adjunct of condition.

- “To explain these differences, Dr. Schmitt and his collaborators from Austria and Estonia point to the hardships of life in poorer countries.” “Dr. Schmitt and his collaborators from Austria and Estonia” is a Noun phrase functioning as Subject of the sentence. Both Dr. Schmitt and collaborators are Head nouns of the Noun Phrase. This is a Compound subject. “And” is a Conjuction functioning as a Coordinating conjuction of addition “His” is a Posessive pronoun fuctioning as Pre-modifier to collaborators. “from Austria and Estonia” is a Reduced non-defining relative clause functioning as a Post Modifier to collaborators. “To explain these differences, …, point to the hardships of life in poorer countries” is the Predicate of the sentence. “To explain these differences” is an Infinitival phrase functioning as an Adverbial adjunct of purpose. “Point to” is a Phrasal verb functioning as Main verb. It is a Transitive verb of complete predication. “The hardships of life” is a Noun phrase functioning as the Direct object. “In poorer countries” is a Prepositional phrase functioning as an Adverbial adjunct of place.

- “Another school of psychologists asserts that both sexes’ personalities have been shaped by traditional social roles.” “Another school of psychologists” is a Noun phrase functioning as the Subject of the sentence. “Another” is a determiner functioning as Pre-modifier to school “School” is a Noun functioning as Head Noun of the Noun phrase. “Of psychologists” is a Prepositional phrase functioning as Post-modifier to school. “asserts that both sexes’ personalities have been shaped by traditional social roles” is the Predicate of the sentence “asserts” is a Transitive verb of complete predication functioning as the Main verb. “that both sexes’ personalities have been shaped by traditional social roles” is a Noun clause functioning as the Direct object

- “In some ways modern progressive cultures are returning us psychologically to our hunter- gatherer roots…” “Modern progressive cultures” is a Noun phrase functioning as the Subject of the sentence. “In some ways … are returning us psychologically to our hunter-gatherer roots” is the Predicate of the sentence. “In some ways” is a Prepositional phrase functioning as an Adverbial adjunct of manner. “are returning” is a verb (in the present continuous tense) functioning as the Main verb. Return is a Transitive verb of complete Predication. “us” is a pronoun functioning as the Direct object. “psychologically” is an adverb functioning as an Adverbial adjunct of manner. “to our hunter-gatherer roots” is a Prepositional phrase functioning as an Adverbial adjunct of time.

- “Removing the stresses of traditional agricultural societies could allow men’s, and to a lesser extent women’s, more ‘natural’ personality traits to emerge” “Removing the stresses of traditional agricultural societies” is a Gerundial clause functioning as Subject of the sentence. “could allow men’s, and to a lesser extent women’s, more ‘natural’ personality traits to emerge” is the Predicate of the sentence. “could allow” is a Verb phrase functioning as Main verb. Allow here is a Transitive verb of complete predication “men’s, and to a lesser extent women’s, more ‘natural’ personality traits to emerge” is a Contact noun clause functioning as the Direct object

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Relative clauses

• “But these social changes have not shrunk a gender gap among runners analyzed by Robert Deaner, a psychologist at Grand Valley State University in Michigan, who classifies runners as relatively fast if they keep close to the pace of the world’s best runners of their own sex.” “a psychologist at Grand Valley State University in Michigan” is a Reduced non-defining relative clause. “who classifies runners as relatively fast if they keep close to the pace of the world’s best runners of their own sex” is a Non-defining relative clause.
• “Dr. Schmitt says, alluding to evidence that hunter-gatherers were relatively egalitarian…” “that hunter-gatherers were relatively egalitarian…” is a Defining relative clause functioning as a Post-modifier to the noun evidence