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Microeconomics I: Preferences, Utility Functions, and Budget Constraints, Apuntes de Microeconomía

Practice problems from a microeconomics i course focusing on preferences, utility functions, and budget constraints. Students are asked to construct indifference curves, identify preference properties, and analyze budget sets. Topics include complete, reflexive, and transitive preferences, utility functions, and the budget constraint.

Tipo: Apuntes

2012/2013

Subido el 21/01/2013

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MICROECONOMICS I
Practice sheet 1. Academic year 2012-2013
1 Preferences and Utility Functions
1.1. Construct an indi¤erence curve map which represents complete, re‡ex-
ive and transitive preferences in the following cases:
1. One of the two goods is a "bad".
2. The consumer gets satiated of one product but not of the other.
3. The consumer gets satiated of both products.
4. Each of the goods becomes a "bad" from some conssumption onwards.
1.2.a. Graph the following preference orders:
1. I can‘t stand butter or mermelade by themselves, but I like butter and
mermelade sandwiches.
2. x1and x2are substitutes: whenever x1, I do not mind to have half of
x2.
3. I do not mind whether it is Heineken or San Miguel, as long as it is
beer!
4. Red or blue matches, with the same aiming capacities.
5. Right or left shoes of the same size, quality, design, etc.
1.2.b. For all the previous exercises, indicate whether preferences are regular
or not. In case they are not, indicate which it is the property not being
ful…lled. In case they are, indicate whether there is strict or weaj convexity
and monotonicity.
1.3. If given consumption bundles xand yit so happns that xis at least as
preferred as yand, at the same time, yis at least as preferred as x, we then
say that xand yleave the consumer indi¤erent. We denote such relationship
as xvy.
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MICROECONOMICS I

Practice sheet 1. Academic year 2012-

1 Preferences and Utility Functions

1.1. Construct an indi§erence curve map which represents complete, reáex- ive and transitive preferences in the following cases:

  1. One of the two goods is a "bad".
  2. The consumer gets satiated of one product but not of the other.
  3. The consumer gets satiated of both products.
  4. Each of the goods becomes a "bad" from some conssumption onwards.

1.2.a. Graph the following preference orders:

  1. I canët stand butter or mermelade by themselves, but I like butter and mermelade sandwiches.
  2. x 1 and x 2 are substitutes: whenever x 1 , I do not mind to have half of x 2.
  3. I do not mind whether it is Heineken or San Miguel, as long as it is beer!
  4. Red or blue matches, with the same áaiming capacities.
  5. Right or left shoes of the same size, quality, design, etc.

1.2.b. For all the previous exercises, indicate whether preferences are regular or not. In case they are not, indicate which it is the property not being fulÖlled. In case they are, indicate whether there is strict or weaj convexity and monotonicity.

1.3. If given consumption bundles x and y it so happns that x is at least as preferred as y and, at the same time, y is at least as preferred as x, we then say that x and y leave the consumer indi§erent. We denote such relationship as x v y.

  1. Assume x v y. Write the indi§erence relationship in terms of %.
  2. % is deÖned as being reáexive if given any conssumption combination x it is always true that x % x. Explain why and write it terms of v.
  3. Are indi§erence relations reáexive?

1.4 % is transitive when: if x % y and y % z, then x % z. Is the indi§erence relation transitive? If it is, write it in terms of v. Do the same exercise for ,the strict preference relation.

1.5. Draw maps of indi§erence curves for the following utility functions:

  1. u (x 1 ; x 2 ) = (x 1 + x 2 )^2.
  2. u (x 1 ; x 2 ) = x 1 + x 2.
  3. u (x 1 ; x 2 ) = x 1 + x 2 where ; > 0.
  4. u (x 1 ; x 2 ) = ln x 1 + x 2.
  5. u (x 1 ; x 2 ) = min fx 1 ; x 2 g.
  6. u (x 1 ; x 2 ) = min f x 1 ; x 2 g where ; > 0.
  7. u (x 1 ; x 2 ) = x 1.
  8. u (x 1 ; x 2 ) = x 1 x^12 ; where 0 < < 1.

1.6. Consider a set X of conssumption combinations and a utility function u : X! R, associating to each conssumption x a utility level u(x). Assume f is a increasing function. Consider the utility function f  u , associating to each conssumption combination x a utility level f (u(x)). In such case, we way that f  u is a monotne transformation of u. Show that u and f  u represent the same preferences. Use this property to corroborate the following:

  1. u(x 1 ; x 2 ) =

p x 1 + x 2 and v(x 1 ; x 2 ) = ln(x 1 ) + x 2 represent the same preferences.

  1. u(x 1 ; x 2 ) = x 12 x 2 and v(x 1 ; x 2 ) = 2 ln(x 1 ) + ln(x 2 ) represent the same preferences.
  1. Using the initial data. in which percentage would income have to de- crease in order to have the same result as in the previous exercise?

2.5. A consumer with 20 million montary units spends her income in buying a house (good 1) and other goods (good 2). Assume p 1 = p 2 = 1, calculate and draw the budget constraint for the following cases.

  1. No subsidies.
  2. A 40% subsidy in the price of housing, with a limit of 10 million in the total amount of subsidy given.
  3. A house will be completely subsidized until reaching a cost of 10 million. Any excess of top of that will be paid by consumers at market prices.

2.6. Show that the budget set is always convex.