Relational and declarative memory, Apuntes de Psicología Fisiológica

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Neural bases of declarative and

relational memory

Neural bases of declarative and relational memory

1. Hippocampus and declarative memory Anterograde amnesia Medial temporal lobe and anterograde amnesia
2. Encoding, consolidation, retrieving and storage of declarative memory
3. Hippocampus and spatial memory Navigational capabilities and hippocampus volume Effects of hippocampal lesions Place cells Spatial learning and LTP Modulation of the hippocampal functions
4. Hippocampus and relational memory

Anterograde amnesia. Preserved and altered

memory aspects

• Is an inability to recall information previously learned, or the inability

to form and/or store new memories

• Amnesias can be transient or permanent
• There are different types of amnesia, for example: In terms of what cannot be retrieved, Anomia (names) Transient global amnesia

In terms of the affected memory system, Medial temporal lobe amnesia (declarative memory)

In terms of the period affected: Anterograde Retrograde

• However, the term “amnesia” is restricted to Medial temporal lobe amnesia unless otherwise specifically indicated

What is amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia is produced by lesions in the medial cortex

Pacient HM:

Lesion in the amygdala, hippocampus and surrounding medial cortex

Electroconvulsive therapy produces transitory

anterograde amnesia

Preserved memory aspects in amnesia

Preserved memory aspects in amnesia: perceptual learning

(sensory cortex)

Gollin`s Test of broken drawings

Graf, Squire and Mandler (1984)

Preserved memory aspects in amnesia: “priming” (sensory

cortex)

Control

Priming refers to the effects of^ Amnesic

previous stimuli presentation upon

behavior, but without conscious

recollection

• The performance level in the “Word-completing task” (implicit memory) was similar in both groups
• The performance level in the “Word-free recollection task” (explicit or declarative memory) was impaired in the persons with anterograde amnesia

Free recall (Explicit)

Finish the word (Implicit)

Preserved memory aspects in amnesia: associative learning

(cerebellum and amygdala)

• Instrumental conditioning
• Emotional conditioning
• Motor (eye-blink) classical

conditioning

The patients with anterograde amnesia cannot form declarative

memories

• Dissociation between the deficits

produced by bilateral amygdala or

hippocampus lesions in emotional

conditioning:

• Hippocampus lesions do not alter

emotional learning, but do impair

conscious recollection (incapacity to talk

about the CS-US relationship).

• Amygdala lesions produce the inverse

pattern.

Bechara & cols, 1995

Conditioning Declarative memory

Control

Amygdala lesions

Hippocampus lesions

Amygdala and hippocampus lesions

Paired Unpaired

Auditory-auditory Visual-auditory Stimuli

The hippocampal formation

The hippocampal formation is placed in the medial temporal lobe

• The cortical regions that surround the hippocampal formation, known as limbic or medial surrounding cortex, are also part of the medial temporal cortex:
• In the medial temporal cortex:
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Entorhinal cortex
  • Perirhinal cortex
  • Parahippocampal cortex