¡Descarga relatives clauses y más Apuntes en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity!
33. RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVES RELATIVES
Relative clauses refer to nouns mentioned in the main clause:
The she makes are always beautiful.
The parkpark we used to meet is now a shopping centre.
Relative pronouns: who, which, that, whose, when and where.
Note: what (lo que) how (cómo) and why (por qué) introduce connective relatives. We use them in a similar way: Ask me what you want to know. I’ll tell you why you should speak other languages. I want to know how to do it.
photographs photographs whichwhich
wherewhere
A Relative pronoun introduces the Relative clause, showing
the relation with the noun.
There are two types:
Non- Non-Defining Relative Clauses:Defining Relative Clauses:
We use these clauses between commas. (we can omit the clause and the sentence makes sense) We use these Relative pronouns:
WhoWho (que, quien, quienes)
(refers to people) Mark, who lives near my house, is my friend.
Which Which (que, el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales)
(refers to things) Bikes, which are cheaper than cars, don’t pollute.
Whose Whose (cuyo-a, cuyos-as, del cual, de la cual, de los cuales, de las cuales)
(refers to a possessor) Ben, whose mobile was new, dialled 112.
Where Where (donde)
(refers to a place) The park, where we spent long hours, is a mall now.
When When (cuando)
(refers to a time) In May, when we meet again, I’ll tell you the truth.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses:
When the Relative clause gives additional (not essential) information. The photographs, which were incriminating, were stolen. (all the photos)
Defining Relative Clauses:
When the Relative clause specifies the noun (essential information). The photographs which were incriminating were stolen. (not the rest)
33. RELATIVE CLAUSES
We put the preposition before the Relative pronoun : The residence, in which we stayed for a month, was near the station.
Prepositions in Defining Rel. clauses: Although we can put the preposition before the Relative pronoun … The phone with which I called you wasn’t mine.
The phone which I called you with wasn’t mine.
…we usually put it at the end of the clause.
When we use that we must put the preposition at the end… The phone that I called you with wasn’t mine. …but it is even more frequent to omit the Relative pronoun: The phone I called you with wasn’t mine. She is the woman I got that message from. Who was that guy you were talking to? (Etc.)
Whom (que, a quien, a quienes) Whom is a Relative Object pronoun that refers to people: Those are the runners whom the new coach has been training. OBJECT SUBJECT Whom is outdated or very formal; we use who or, even better, omit it: Those are the runners who the new coach has been training. Those are the runnersthe new coach has been training.
Whom is necessary after prepositions, but we usually prefer to use who
and postpone the preposition or, even better, omit the Relative pronoun:
She is the candidate for whom we voted. She is the candidate who we voted for. She is the candidate we voted for.
We don’t use commas and we can’t omit the Relative clause. We use these Relative pronouns:
Who (que)
(refers to people) That is the woman who helped me.
Which (que)
(refers to things) He uses materials which he prepares without help.
Whose (cuyo-a, cuyos-as, del cual, de la cual, de los cuales, de las cuales)
(refers to a possessor) The boy whose clothes are dirty is my cousin.
Where (donde)
(refers to a place) The park where we met is a shopping centre now.
When (refers to a time) I’ll never forget the day when we met. ([en] que)
We can use that instead of who or which : took advantage of his position was imprisoned. Michael had lost.
The politician I’ve just found the keys We can omit the Relative pronoun when it refers to the Object. You are the expert (who)
But we can’t omit it when it refers to the Subject : The politician who took advantage of his position was imprisoned. SUBJECT
that (who) that (which)
we need in this company. I’ve just found the keys (which) Michael had lost. SUBJECT
Defining Relative Clauses:
Prepositions in Non-Defining Rel. clauses:
33. RELATIVE CLAUSES (who, which, whose, when, where)
2. Choose the relative pronoun.
Examples: This is the house _________ I used to live. This is the house where I used to live.
Go and get the tools _________ we bought yesterday. Go and get the tools which we bought yesterday.
- Greg teaches people _________ native language is not Spanish.
- The woman _________ found the child is my neighbour.
- The school _________ they study needs repairing.
- The boy _________ bike I borrowed wants it back this afternoon.
- Children _________ don’t get enough sleep feel tired all day.
- Is that the boy _________ wants to go out with you?
- I remember the time _________ we visited Rome.
- The classmate _________ always arrives late has been expelled.
- I keep my beer mat collection in a box _________ is on a shelf.
- That’s the singer _________ also acts in films.
- In summer I spend a week in the town _________ I was born.
- Can you see the horses _________ are drinking in the river?
- They are looking for people _________ are ready to work hard.
- We needed a place _________ we could leave our luggage.
- Is that the boy _________ sister drives a taxi?
- The photos _________ you entered in the competition were great.
- This is the theatre _________ they performed for the first time.
- People _________ don’t present identification are not allowed.
- We visited the small village _________ she grew up.
- We only drank the water _________ we were carrying.
- A woman _________ name I’ve forgotten asked to see you.
- Did you read the message _________ I sent you?
- This is the house _________ Nick lived.
- This is the house _________ Nick painted blue.
- I’ll show you the place _________ I learned to climb.
- I’ll show you the place _________ I saw in the film.
- That was the exact moment _________ everything started.
33. RELATIVE CLAUSES (who, which, that)
3. Combine the following sentences using who , which or that****. Use the second sentence as the relative clause.
Examples: The woman is Mary's mother. She opened the door. The woman who opened the door is Mary’s mother.
The boss feared the programme. It made a lot of mistakes. The boss feared the programme which made a lot of mistakes.
- The dog belongs to Mr Smith. It is barking.
- The man had killed three people. He escaped from prison.
- The car was very fast. It hit the tree.
- The child started to cry. He fell off the tree.
- The plane is an hour late. It is coming from Berlin.
- The woman is knitting a sweater. She is waiting for the doctor.
- The man is very happy. He has won the election.
- The girl worked very hard. She won the prize.
- The man smokes a lot. He is coughing now.
- The cat is sleeping. It caught a mouse half an hour ago.
- The company went bankrupt. It couldn’t sell its products.
- I don't like people. They tell lies.
- The judge punished the man. He had robbed the bank.
- The man was driving very fast. He had an accident.
- The girl studies a lot. She gets good marks in the exams.
- Where did the man go? He was wearing a strange hat.
- How is the ferret? It was examined by the vet last week.
- Send the man to hospital! He has broken his leg.
- What happened to the child? He was very ill.
- The car broke down yesterday. The driver is trying to repair it.
- The dog ran away. It bit my leg.
- The man went to the police station. He had lost his passport.
- I am looking for the man. He lives next door.
- Who took the newspaper? It was on the table.
33. RELATIVE CLAUSES (whose, with)
5. Combine the following sentences using whose or with****.
Examples: Do you know the boy? His mother phoned yesterday. Do you know the boy whose mother phoned yesterday?
I like the dictionary. Its definitions are clear. I like the dictionary whose definitions are clear. Or…, I like the dictionary with clear definitions.
- The woman is crying. Her son is going to marry.
- The man is talking to the headmaster. His son excelled in everything.
- I am going to call the man. His car hit mine last week.
- Bring me the book. Its pictures are black and white.
- This is the woman. Her car is very fast.
- The man phoned the police. His house was broken into.
- The house is about to collapse. Its walls are cracked.
- The woman is screaming. Her jewels were stolen.
- The boy is crying. His ball went up to the roof.
- I lost the CD player. Its loud-speakers were detachable.
- That is the woman. We met her son last night.
- The castle is impossible to enter. Its walls are very high.
- The dog bit the boy. Its chain was broken.
- The child likes books. Their pictures are colourful.
- The baby is smiling. Its nappy has been changed.
- There is the woman. We are going to buy her house.
- The man called the fire brigade. His house was in flames.
- He is repairing the car. Its battery is flat.
- Do you know the professor? We are going to attend her lectures.
- They took the child to hospital. An insect had bitten his leg.
- The girl is smiling. The teacher is praising her essay.
- The man retired from his job last month. His car was bought by uncle Tom.
- The woman is talking to the headmaster. Her daughter is ill.
- The man is cooking dinner. His children are watching TV in the living-room.
33. RELATIVE CLAUSES (defining-review)
6. Combine the following sentences using relative pronouns****. Use the second sentence as the relative clause. Omit the pronouns if possible.
Examples: The man was very frightened. We saw him at the bus stop. The man (who) we saw at the bus stop was very frightened.
The man abandoned his family. He had lost his job. The man who had lost his job abandoned his family.
- The book was valuable. I found it in the basement.
- The truck was coming very fast. It ran over the cow.
- The children are making a lot of noise. They are playing in the garden.
- The plane crashed soon after taking off. It had left the airport at 9.30.
- The man was doing 130 kph. The police officer stopped him.
- The mountain is very steep. The climbers are trying to climb it up.
- The people have just arrived. You invited them to dinner.
- The plumber charged 100 dollars. He fixed the boiler.
- The workers gave up their jobs. The boss refused to give them a rise.
- The newspaper disappeared. I had left it on the table.
- The programme is very interesting. I am listening to it now.
- The man was very angry. The government confiscated his land.
- The cars are very nice. They produce them in Hungary.
- They have employed a cook. He cooks very well.
- The woman wants to talk to you. You saved her son yesterday.
- The lion is very dangerous. It escaped from the zoo.
- The ship sank in the middle of the sea. It had been built in 1995.
- The ship will arrive here next month. It has the new equipment.
- The man is very good at his job. He repairs computers.
- The boys are very active. They live upstairs.
- The man wanted to ask for a loan. He couldn't pay his debts.
- I couldn't find the pen. I had put it on the shelf.
- Can you translate the letter? I have received it from China.
- Do you know the man? He is coming towards you.
- Beth became an excellent painter. Her father was an alcoholic.
Beth ___________________________________________ became an excellent painter.
- My school is very big. It is in Valencia.
My school ___________________________________________ is very big.
- They've closed down the cinema. We used to go there.
They’ve closed down ___________________________________________.
- They’ve closed down the cinema. We used to go there.
We used to go to ___________________________________________.
- Bob is one of my closest friends. I have known Bob for ages.
Bob ___________________________________________ is one of my closest friends.
- They decided not to swim in the river. The river looked rather dirty.
They decided not ___________________________________________.
- Give this message to Tom. You will see him tomorrow.
Give this message to Tom ___________________________________________.
- Sharon looks happy again. Her husband made her miserable.
Sharon ___________________________________________ looks happy again.
33. RELATIVE CLAUSES (defining & non-defining-review [2])
8. Combine these sentences using relative pronouns****. Add commas if necessary and omit the pronouns if possible.
Examples: I lost the tickets. I had been saving to buy them. I lost the tickets (which) I had been saving to buy.
The boy tidied his room. His father was disappointed. The boy, whose father was disappointed, tidied his room.
- She feeds the birds. They sing in her garden.
- The owner recognised the thief. The thief rushed out of the shop.
- How much did you pay for the hat? You were wearing it yesterday.
- Sue broke her nose. She was riding her bicycle dangerously.
- The teacher is worried about Tom. Tom never does any homework.
- The submarine almost sank. It hit a huge iceberg.
- The father put away the toys. The children had left them around.
- The doctors didn't operate the patient. He had a high temperature.
- The guards found the tunnel. The prisoner had dug it in thirty days.
- The athlete won the race. He ran 100 meters in less than 10 seconds.
- The witness didn't appear in court. Everybody was waiting for her.
- The workers went on strike. Their employer didn't accept any demands.
- The painting disappeared mysteriously. It was in the art gallery.
- I started to work in the factory. My father used to work there.
- The man had to walk five kilometres. His car had broken down.
- The examination is very important for me. I will take it next week.
- Take away the man! He is disturbing everybody.
- How happy is the rich woman? She works 50 hours a week.
- They are carrying out the plan. They had threatened us with it.
- The driver is repairing the car. We travelled in that car yesterday.
- I don't like the man. I work with him.
- Send Ms Brown the report. She has asked about it.
- I want to go to the restaurant. They serve fresh food there.
- I apologized to the woman. I had stepped on her foot.
