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T.5 REPORTED SPEECH
FORM:
Direct Speech Reported Speech PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE (ex. go-goes, do, does, don’t) (was, were, -ed, 2nd col., didn’t) “He loves pancakes” He said that he loved pancakes PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS (am/is/are + -ing) (was/were + ing) “You’re hurting my feelings” He said that I was hurting his feelings PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT (have/has + past participle) (had + past participle) “I’ve split up with my boyfriend” He said that he had split up with his boyfriend PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT (-ed/ 2nd col., did, didn’t) (had + past participle) “I bought a pair of shoes” He said that he had bought a pair of shoes PAST PERFECT (had+ past participle) “I had told him to study more” WILL “It will get easier” CAN “I can play the piano” MUST “You must revise the verbs” USE:
PAST PERFECT
(had+ past participle) He said that he had told him to study more WOULD He said that it would get easier COULD He said that he could play the piano. HAD TO He told me that I had to revise the verbs. ● We use reported speech to report what someone has said ● Tell must have a personal object→ She told me, I told them ● Say doesn’t have a personal object ● We use say and tell with or without that Direct Speech here this these now next week
today tonight tomorrow yesterday Reported Speech there that those then the following week that day that night the following day the day before last week the week before
REPORTED QUESTIONS:
DIRECT QUESTION REPORTED QUESTION
With question words: where, when, why, who, We keep the question word (remember, verb how, what… changes after the subject) “Why are you crying?” He asked me why I was crying. “What do you think?” He asked me what I thought. “When did you arrive?” He asked me when I had arrived. Yes/ No questions if/ whether (remember, verb changes after the subject) “Do you understand?” “Have you ever been in England?” He asked me if I understood. He asked me whether I had ever been in England.
REPORTING VERBS
VERB + OBJECT + TO + INFINITIVE :
(told me to…/ advised me to…/ encouraged me to…/ warned me not to…/ persuaded me to…) Advise “You should tell the truth” She advised them to tell the truth Invite “We would like you to stay with us” They invited us to stay with them Tell “You have to do the shopping” He told me to do the shopping Encourage “Come on! You should apply for the job before it’s too late” She encouraged me to apply for the job
Apologize For “I’m sorry I’m late” She apologized for being late Admit “Yes, we made a mistake” They admitted making a mistake Deny “No, I didn’t apply for the job” He denied applying for the job. Recommend “If I were you, I would install an antivirus program” They recommended installing an antivirus program Suggest “Why don ‘t you speak to him?” She suggested speaking to him
REPORTING COMMANDS AND REQUESTS(we want somebody to do something):
COMMANDS: VERB + OBJECT + TO + INFINITIVE:
(told me to…/ ordered us to…/ asked him to…/ begged me to …/ reminded her to…/ encouraged me to…/ persuaded me to…/ warned him to…) Ask “Don’t touch the wire” She asked me not to touch the wire Order “Stop the car!” The policeman ordered us to stop the car Remind “Don’t forget to collect the children” She reminded me to collect the children Tell “Do the shopping” He told me to do the shopping Encourage “Why don’t you apply for the job before it’s too late?” She encouraged me to apply for the job Warn “If you don’t study more, you’ll fail the exams” The teacher warned him to study more if he didn’t want to fail the exams. Beg “Oh, please, please, lend me your notes!” She begged me to lend her my notes T.6 PASSIVE/CAUSATIVE Passive Tense Active Passive Present simple enjoy → is enjoyed Present continuous is enjoying → is being enjoyed Past simple enjoyed → was enjoyed
Past continuous was enjoying → was being enjoyed Present perfect simple have enjoyed → have been enjoyed Past perfect simple had enjoyed → had been enjoyed Future will enjoy/going to enjoy → will be/going to be enjoyed Modal verbs can/might/etc.enjoyed → can/might/etc. be enjoyed Use We use the passive to say what happens to someone or something The bus was knocked over in the storm We most often use the passive to avoid saying who or what does the action. This is usually because this person or thing is not known, obvious or unimportant Tickets can be booked in advance We use the impersonal passive to talk about general facts or expert opinions. It is often used in formal, written English, or in news reports It is thought that electric cars will become more common Causative I/You/She/He/It/We/The y have/get object +past participle Use We use have/get something done to say that someone does something for us, usually when we have arranged it. (lo hemos planeado) We don’t say who does the action. We use get for more informal situations I had my hair cut yesterday. (I went to the hairdresser) We can use have something done to say that something unwelcome or negative happens to us. We don’t use get Saraha’s had her bike stolen
VOCABULARY 5:
Communication ● bad manners → malos modales ● blink → pestañear ● blow your nose → sonarse la nariz ● blunt → franco/ directo ● bow → inclinarse ● handshake → apretón de manos ● impolite → maleducado ● lack of respect→ falta de respeto ● nod your head→ asentir ● shake your head→ mover la cabeza ● stare → mirar fijamente ● take offence → ofenderse ● whistle→ silbar Confusing words ● artificial→ artificial/sintético
● go hiking → ir de excursión ● go sightseeing → ir de buceo de aguas profundas. ● go with the flow → dejarse llevar ● hiking boots → botas de senderismo ● off the beaten track → apartado ● package holiday → paquete turístico ● rucksack → mochila ● sink or swim → todo o nada ● stay at a holiday resort → estar de vacaciones en un lugar (centro turístico) ● step out of your comfort zone → estar fuera de la zona de confort ● sunbathing ● suncream → tomar el sol ● swimming costume → traje de baño ● tourist trap → gancho para turistas (para atraer turistas) ● underground map → mapa del metro Adjective suffixes ● active → activo ● ambitious → ambicioso ● beneficial → beneficioso ● capable → capaz ● creative → creativo ● dependent → adicto /dependiente ● different → diferent ● economic → economico ● global → global ● luxurious → lujoso ● musical → música ● residential → residencial ● suitable → apropiado ● tragic → trágico
