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Sensores: Tipos, Características y Aplicaciones - Prof. Alcaraz, Apuntes de Automatización Industrial

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech (UPC)Automatización Industrial

Prof. Tomás Alcaraz

Una introducción a los sensores, sus tipos, características y aplicaciones en el contexto de automatización y control de sistemas. El texto aborda la definición básica de un sensor, sus reglas ideales y el papel que desempeña en el proceso de control de plantas. Además, se detalla la clasificación de sensores según el tipo de magnitud física a detectar y se presentan ejemplos de transductores comunes. El documento también aborda la importancia de la conditioning del signal proveniente de los sensores antes de su uso en el control.

Tipo: Apuntes

2016/2017

Subido el 06/11/2017

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¡No te pierdas las partes importantes!

07/08/2016

THEME 1_4

Sensors:

Overview and Presentation

A sensor (also called detector)

is a converter that measures a

physical quantity and converts

it into a signal which can be

read by an observer or by an

electronic controller.

Descubre Apuntes de Automatización Industrial Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech (UPC)

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Vista previa parcial del texto

¡Descarga Sensores: Tipos, Características y Aplicaciones - Prof. Alcaraz y más Apuntes en PDF de Automatización Industrial solo en Docsity!

THEME 1_

Sensors:

Overview and Presentation

A sensor (also called detector )

is a converter that measures a

physical quantity and converts

it into a signal which can be

read by an observer or by an

electronic controller.

A good sensor obeys the following

rules:

Is sensitive to the measured

property only

Is insensitive to any other property

likely to be encountered in its

application

Does not influence the measured

property

The control receives information about the state of the plant through sensors.
On the plant or process, it acts drives or actuators.
The actuators are transducers of energy (mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.)
The pre-actuators will govern with electrical signals and acts the actuators.

Generally the signal given by the sensors must be

conditioned before entering it in control. This is the signal

processing.

Sensor Filter Amplifier

A transducer includes a sensor (or sensor or sensitive part) and some type of signal conditioner that gives this sensor back to an electrical signal codified analogue or digital.
The words transducer and sensor used with the same meaning, but is more extensive broad term "transducer“.
Not always the transducer provides an electrical magnitude, as the case a bimetal thermometer based on acting on a needle indicator. © EEBE/UPC

ANALOG : give a value of voltage or current time within the range of measurement. Usually operating in current ranges of 4 - 20 mA or voltage 0  5V, 0  10V, - 5V  +5V, +10V  - 10V. Are normalized values.
DIGITAL output give a coded pulses or a binary coded digital word, BCD, Gray, etc. The output voltage is usually normalized as analog ones.
ON/OFF : They just indicate when the magnitude exceeds observed a certain limit or threshold. Digital encoders are only returned ends of the interval in which digital sensors operate.

Classification according to the output signal

PASIVES : They are based on modifying the geometry , magnetic or electrical impedance under certain physical or chemical conditions. If they are connected to power supplies, causing changes in the voltage or current the circuit in which they operate.
ACTIVES : Are electric generators generally weak signal. Can carry a external power or not.

Classification according to the power supply

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

An ideal transducer is one in which the relationship between the magnitude physical input and output is given: Purely proportional Instant response Reply identical, provided Unfortunately the reality is that input-output relationships are given often be expressed in terms of the family of curves is not quite linear and delay is presented, when it replaced a transducer to another, often behave alike. When a transducer aging, changes its response, etc.. © EEBE/UPC v It has two types of features that allow characterize transducers: STATIC : describe the behavior of the sensor under permanent or very slow changes of the variable to be measured. DYNAMIC : describe the behavior of the sensor under temporary basis in response to the temporary address certain standard stimuli, indicating constant longer relevant.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Measurement range : range of values of the input size.

Resolution : the ability to discern between two sensor values very

equal to the magnitude of input.

Accuracy : maximum deviation of the output relative to a pattern.

Repeatability : Maximum output deviation when measured repeatedly

Sometimes the entrance, in the same conditions.

Linearity : deviation from a straight base that relates input-output.

Sensitivity : amount of variation in the amount of out party

variation of the input.

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

Noise : Any perturbation of output due to the transducer itself

or measurement system.

Hysteresis : amount that varies the output for the same amount

input, depending on whether the input magnitude increases or decreases. May not be equal across the measurement range.

NOTE THAT ALL THESE FEATURES ARE DIFFERENT,

BUT VERY LITERATURE THEM CONFUSED.

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

v Frequency response : relationship between sensibility and frequency for a sinusoidal input. (Bode Plan). Stability and drifts : sensor output deviation due to external variations unrelated to the input magnitude.

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

PRESENCE SWITCHES

v (Discs or Rules) x A Optocoupler A t x x (^) A Optocoupler B x (^) A Optocoupler B A t B t Turn Right x X/ A t B t Turn Left x 3X/

INCREMENTAL OPTIC ENCODERS

OPTIC ENCODERS: TYPES

v Detect metal parts in a range between 1mm and 30mm. Mechanical and electrical are standardized at European level to CENELEC (EN 50032, EN 50036, EN 50037 and EN 50038. This standard defines mechanical two ways: Shape A: - Cylindrical threaded M8, M12, M18 and M

Cylindrical with or without threading 4mm and 5mm Shape C: - parallelepipeds with swivel head
generally large distances

PROXIMITY: INDUCTIVE SENSORS

power

_ _ power

PROXIMITY: INDUCTIVE SENSORS

v Oscillator L-C Amplitude detector Output The LC oscillator has a high resonance frequency The magnetic circuit is closed by the front The presence of metal in front of the sensitive area, alters the reluctance the magnetic circuit, reduces the amplitude of the oscillator, which is detected. The detection of change, allows for a signal all or nothing As analog detector distance is not accurate Better than to mechanical limit switches (not bouncing, long life, harsh environments, etc.).

PROXIMITY: INDUCTIVE SENSORS

v When an object approaches the sensitive area, the ability to modify the LC oscillator, thereby changing the amplitude, which is detected and converted into a signal all or nothing. Oscillator L-C Amplitude detector Output Armatures Dielectric Zone sensible

PROXIMITY: CAPACITIVE SENSORS

v Emitter Receiver Reflective Emitter Receiver Object to detect Barrier Reflection

Sensores: Tipos, Características y Aplicaciones - Prof. Alcaraz, Apuntes de Automatización Industrial

Documentos relacionados

Vista previa parcial del texto

¡Descarga Sensores: Tipos, Características y Aplicaciones - Prof. Alcaraz y más Apuntes en PDF de Automatización Industrial solo en Docsity!

THEME 1_

Sensors:

Overview and Presentation

A sensor (also called detector )

is a converter that measures a

physical quantity and converts

it into a signal which can be

read by an observer or by an

electronic controller.

A good sensor obeys the following

rules:

property only

likely to be encountered in its

application

property

conditioned before entering it in control. This is the signal

processing.

Sensor Filter Amplifier

Classification according to the output signal

Classification according to the power supply

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Measurement range : range of values of the input size.

Resolution : the ability to discern between two sensor values very

Accuracy : maximum deviation of the output relative to a pattern.

Repeatability : Maximum output deviation when measured repeatedly

Linearity : deviation from a straight base that relates input-output.

Sensitivity : amount of variation in the amount of out party

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

Noise : Any perturbation of output due to the transducer itself

Hysteresis : amount that varies the output for the same amount

NOTE THAT ALL THESE FEATURES ARE DIFFERENT,

BUT VERY LITERATURE THEM CONFUSED.

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

PRESENCE SWITCHES

PRESENCE SWITCHES

PRESENCE SWITCHES

INCREMENTAL OPTIC ENCODERS

INCREMENTAL OPTIC ENCODERS

INCREMENTAL OPTIC ENCODERS

OPTIC ENCODERS: TYPES

PROXIMITY: INDUCTIVE SENSORS

PROXIMITY: INDUCTIVE SENSORS

PROXIMITY: INDUCTIVE SENSORS

PROXIMITY: INDUCTIVE SENSORS

PROXIMITY: CAPACITIVE SENSORS

PROXIMITY: CAPACITIVE SENSORS

PROXIMITY: OPTIC SENSORS

PROXIMITY: OPTIC SENSORS