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How to form comparatives and superlatives of adjectives in English, including rules for one-syllable, two-syllable, and multi-syllable adjectives, as well as irregular forms. It covers the use of 'more' and 'most', comparative structures, and the verb 'used to'.
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Comparative and superlative
One way of describing a person or thing is by saying that they have more
of a particular quality than someone or something else. To do this, we use
comparative adjectives, which are formed either by adding -er at the end
of the adjective or placing more before it.
Comparatives are used to compare two things and to highlight the
superiority, inferiority, or equality of one term compared to another.
Usually if an adjective has only one syllable, we add 'er' to make the
comparative form. We add 'est' to make the superlative form.
cold → colder / coldest
small → smaller / smallest
There are some spelling changes. If there is one vowel followed by one
consonant at the end of the adjective, we often double the consonant.
thin → thinner / thinnest
There are a few adjectives that we have to use 'more' or 'most' with, even
though they only have one syllable. We CAN'T add 'er' or 'est’
fun → more fun / most fun (NOT funner / funnest)
real → more real / most real (NOT realer / realest)
right → more right / most right (NOT righter / rightest)
wrong → more wrong / most wrong (NOT wronger / wrongest)
Adjectives with two syllables
For adjectives with two syllables, we generally use 'more' or 'most’.
careful → more careful / most careful
bored → more bored / most bored
Adjectives with two syllables that end in 'y' usually can add 'er' or 'est' (y
generally changes to i). It's also fine to use 'more' or 'most’.
happy → happier / happiest
ugly → uglier / ugliest
Adjectives with more than two syllables
Adjectives with more than two syllables can only make their comparative
by using 'more' and their superlative by using 'most’.
interesting → more interesting / most interesting
expensive → more expensive / most expensive
Comparative structures: things or people that are the same
First, we can use 'as ... as' with a normal adjective (not a comparative) to
say two things are the same: John is as tall as Luke (= they are the same
height).
The red shirt is as expensive as the blue shirt (= they are the same price).
We can use 'not as ... as' to say that two things are not the same. Lucy
is not as tall as Helena (= Helena is taller than Lucy).
Paris is not as big as London (= London is bigger than Paris).
Examples:
We can say that one thing or person is less than another thing by using
'less ... than’.
Scotland is less big than France.
Lucy is less tall than Luke.
My book is less interesting than your book.
Used to
We use used to when we refer to things in the past which are no longer
true. It can refer to repeated actions or to a state or situation.
He used to play football for the local team, but he’s too old now.
That white house over there used to belong to my family.
Beeeeee careeeeeefuuuul
In statements, the form used to does not change. We do not use the verb
be before it. It always refers to past time:
We used to go to the seaside every summer when I was a kid.
Not: We are used to go … or We use to go … or We were used to go …
